Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Evolvulus glomeratus ssp. grandiflorous; (E. nuttalianus; blue-daze)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)Wunderlin, R. P. 1998, Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. Gainesville, University Press of Florida.

(1)Attributes and Features
- Naturalizing [no details given] (2)Rare escape from cultivation

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?406424 (31 May 2002)

Distributional range:
Native: Southern America: Argentina [n.e.]; Brazil [s.]; Paraguay; Uruguay

2.02

2.03

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?406424 (31 May 2002) (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/194/ (3)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast

(1)Distributional range:
Native: Southern America: Argentina [n.e.]; Brazil [s.]; Paraguay; Uruguay (2)USDA zones 10a-11 (3)vouchers all < 400 m elevation

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?406424 (31 May 2002)

Distributional range:
Native: Southern America: Argentina [n.e.]; Brazil [s.]; Paraguay; Uruguay

2.05

Austin, D. F. [Conservation & Science Department, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, 2021 N. Kinney Road, Tucson, AZ 85743, U.S.A.] 1997. Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory Family). Published on WWW at http://www.fau.edu/divdept/biology/people/convolv.htm

"In 1979 the South American "blue daze" (Evolvulus glomeratus), named for its "dazingly" blue flowers, was introduced into cultivation in Florida. By 1989, it had reached Australia, Asia, Europe, and Hawaii."

3.01

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)Wunderlin, R. P. 1998, Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. Gainesville, University Press of Florida.

(1)Attributes and Features
- Naturalizing [no details given] (2)Rare escape from cultivation

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

(1)Bacon, P., P.J. Terry, N. Waltham, & P.Castro S. (1997) An Electronic Atlas of World Weed and Invasive Plants. Version 1.0, 1997. A database based on the original work "A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds" by Holm et al 1979. (2)Kato-Noguchi, H.2000. Assessment of the allelopathic potential of extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides. Weed Research, 40 :343-350.

(1)E. nummularius was reported as pricipal weed in India and common weed in Puerto Rico. (2)Evolvulus alsinoides is a serious weed

4.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. 542pp. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon

p. 207. no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

Webpage: Cornell University\ College of Agriculture & Life Sciences\ Department of Horticulture\ Gardening resources\ Factsheets\ Other factsheets\ Deer Defenses\ Mohonk Mountain House Plant Recommendations for the Deer-Infested Garden
Available at: <http://www.hort.cornell.edu/gardening/fctsheet/mohonk.html>

suggested to be cultivated in deer infested garden.

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

evergreen ground cover

4.09

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/194/ (3)http://www.floracuttings.com/evolvulus.html (4)http://www.kconline.com/tg/uraniwa/Evolvulus.html

(1)Exposure: Partial shade or partial sun to full sun (2)Sun to Partial Shade (3)Light:High.(4)full sun

4.1

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://www.floracuttings.com/evolvulus.html

(1)Soil Condition: Loamy, sandy, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, tolerates salt well, somewhat drought tolerant (2)Soil:Widely adaptable; well drained.

4.11

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. 542pp. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon

p.207. "subshrub to 30 cm high"

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. 542pp. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon

p.207. "subshrub to 30 cm high"; Convolvulaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

subshrub

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Gilman, E.F. & Meerow A. (1999) Fact Sheet FPS-207: Evolvulus glomeratus. University of Florida, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. 3pp. Available at: <http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/EVOGLOA.PDF>

p.3 "Propagation is by seed or cuttings."

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

http://www.fau.edu/biology/people/daustin/convolv.html

Pollination is frequently by bees [Convolvulaceae in general; the small flower are indicative of insects]

6.06

Gilman, E.F. & Meerow A. (1999) Fact Sheet FPS-207: Evolvulus glomeratus. University of Florida, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. 3pp. Available at: <http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/EVOGLOA.PDF>

p.3 "Propagation is by seed or cuttings." [no evidence of natural survival of fragments]

6.07

http://plantsdatabase.com/go/194.html

often grown as an annual

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

grown as oramental

7.03

no evidence

7.04

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. 542pp. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon
(2) Austin, D. F. [Conservation & Science Department, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, 2021 N. Kinney Road, Tucson, AZ 85743, U.S.A.] 1997. Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory Family). Published on WWW at http://www.fau.edu/divdept/biology/people/convolv.htm

(1) fruit a 4-seeded globose capsule, infrequently formed cultivation
(2) seeds 2-3mm

7.05

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. 542pp. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon
(2) Austin, D. F. [Conservation & Science Department, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, 2021 N. Kinney Road, Tucson, AZ 85743, U.S.A.] 1997. Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory Family). Published on WWW at http://www.fau.edu/divdept/biology/people/convolv.htm

(1) fruit a 4-seeded globose capsule, infrequently formed cultivation
(2) seeds 2-3mm

7.06

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. 542pp. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon
(2) Austin, D. F. [Conservation & Science Department, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, 2021 N. Kinney Road, Tucson, AZ 85743, U.S.A.] 1997. Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory Family). Published on WWW at http://www.fau.edu/divdept/biology/people/convolv.htm

(1) fruit a 4-seeded globose capsule, infrequently formed cultivation
(2) seeds 2-3mm

7.07

Levieux, J. 1979. The nutrition of seed-feeding ants. IV. Activity cycle and diet of Messor galla and Messor (=Cratomyrmex) regalis in the rainy season. Annual fluctuations. Discussion. La nutrition des fourmis granivores. IV. Cycle d'activite et regime alimentaire de Messor galla et de Messor (= Cratomyrmex) regalis ensaison des pluies. Fluctuations annuelles. Discussion. Insectes Sociaux, 26:.279-294

seeds of congener weed Evolvulus alcinoides are collected by ants

7.08

no evidence

8.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. 542pp. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon

fruit a 4-seeded globose capsule, infrequently formed cultivation.

8.02

8.03

no evidence

8.04

http://www.floracuttings.com/evolvulus.html

Shear for fullness.

8.05

no evidence