Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake Family - Myrtaceae. Common Names(s) - Timor mountain gum, Timor white gum. Synonym(s) - Eucalyptus alba Reinw. Ex Blume, Eucalyptus decaisneana Blume.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

-2

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

-1

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

4

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Asia-Tropical : Indonesia - Lesser Sunda Islands

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405679 [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

2.02

(1) Native to Asia-Tropical : Indonesia - Lesser Sunda Islands

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405679 [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

2.03

(1) E. urophylla grows in elevations from sea level to 1200m. (2) E. urophylla occurs at elevations from 180 m to 3000 m.

(1) http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/PDF.2004-03-03.1423/file [Accessed 2008 Dec 24]. (2) http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5901e/Y5901E15.htm [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

2.04

(1) Native to Asia-Tropical : Indonesia - Lesser Sunda Islands

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405679 [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

2.05

(1) E. urophylla has been introduced into Brazil, originally into the Rio Claro arboretum under the name `E. alba', these have now been confirmed as E. urophylla (Eldridge et al., 1993). Additional introductions have been made to the following countries: Bali Island (1935), East Java (1937), Bandung (1952), Bogor (1960), Congo (1957 and 1962), French Guyana, Australia (1966), and Papua New Guinea (1971). E. urophylla was introduced into North Vietnam in 1970 in a species/provenance trial program (Nguyen Hoang Nghia, 1996). It has also been planted in China, Colombia, and a number of African countries and the South-East Asian countries of Laos and the Philippines.

3.01

No evidence (1)The fao.org list E. urophylla as Not Invasive and Not Naturalized

(1) http://www.fao.org/forestry/27179@69121/en/cmr/?geoText=Cameroon&event=
factSheet&subSpeciesId=13458&speciesText=Eucalyptus%20urophylla%20(Myrtaceae)& [Accessed 2008 Jan 6].

3.02

No evidence (1)The fao.org list E. urophylla as Not Invasive and Not Naturalized

(1) http://www.fao.org/forestry/27179@69121/en/cmr/?geoText=Cameroon&event=
factSheet&subSpeciesId=13458&speciesText=Eucalyptus%20urophylla%20(Myrtaceae)& [Accessed 2008 Jan 6].

3.03

No evidence (1)The fao.org list E. urophylla as Not Invasive and Not Naturalized

(1) http://www.fao.org/forestry/27179@69121/en/cmr/?geoText=Cameroon&event=
factSheet&subSpeciesId=13458&speciesText=Eucalyptus%20urophylla%20(Myrtaceae)& [Accessed 2008 Jan 6].

3.04

No evidence (1)The fao.org list E. urophylla as Not Invasive and Not Naturalized

(1) http://www.fao.org/forestry/27179@69121/en/cmr/?geoText=Cameroon&event=
factSheet&subSpeciesId=13458&speciesText=Eucalyptus%20urophylla%20(Myrtaceae)& [Accessed 2008 Jan 6].

3.05

(1) E. camaidutensis, E. grandis, and E. lehmannii are invasive in many areas in South Africa. (2) E. globulus is invasive along the coast from Northern to Southern California.

(1) http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/handle/10204/2173 [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].(2) http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/management/plant_profiles/Eucalyptus_globulus.php [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

4.01

(1) Eucalyptus urophylla is an evergreen tree up to 45 m tall, or, in unfavourable conditions, a shrub; bole straight, branchless for up to 30 m, up to 2 m in diameter; bark variable depending on moisture and altitude, usually persistent and subfibrous, smooth to shallow, close longitudinal fissures, red-brown to brown; sometimes rough, especially at the base of the trunk. Juvenile leaves subopposite, stalked, broadly lanceolate; adult leaves phyllodinous, subopposite to alternate, long stalked, broadly lanceolate, 10-15 x 5-8 cm, discolourous; lateral veins just visible. Inflorescence an axillary, simple umbelliform, condensed and reduced dichasium called a conflorescens; umbels solitary, with 5-8 flowers; peduncle somewhat flattened, 8-22 mm long. Seed small, 4-6, angular to more or less semi-circular, black.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=821 [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

4.02

(1) E. grandis X E. urophylla was found to be allelopathic to maize, black bean and watermelon growth. (2) Leaf extracts of E. urophylla were found to inhibit root growth. [no evidence from field conditions or unconcentrated extracts]

(1) http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:aj&volume=21&issue=1&article=002 [Accessed 2008 Jan 6]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HdQrfUcA-zcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA39&dq=eucalyptus+urophylla+%2B+%22allelopathy%22&ots=Uj2KxKjTGx&sig=F_6i205x9inn-dTxbWcbKDQXIAo#PPA45,M1 [Accessed 2008 Jan 6].

4.03

(1) No evidence

(1) http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/pp_home.cgi?name=eucalyptus+urophylla&submit=Submit+Query&search=all [Accessed 2008 Jan 6].

4.04

(1) E. urophylla is unpalatable to grazing livestock.

(1) http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/Drafts/mallo.pdf [Accessed 2008 Jan 6].

4.05

No evidence in Toxnet or PubMed.

4.06

(1) A canker disease caused by Cryphonectria cubensis is found on E. urophylla in West Africa and South America.Numerous pathogens reduce the productivity of trial plantings of eucalypts in the Sumatran lowlands, among these being leaf spot fungi (e.g. Cylindrocladium sp., Pestalotia sp.) root rot fungi (e.g. Botryodiplodia sp., Fusarium sp. and Helminthosporium sp.) leaf roller insects, ring borer insects (Coleoptera sp.) and stem borers (Zeuzera coffeae).

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

4.07

No evidence in Toxnet or PubMed.

4.08

(1)relative resistance to fire

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.09

(1) Light demanding species.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

4.10

(1) E. urophylla has no major edaphic requirements. (2) Acid to neutral soils, clay, podzols, volcanic soils

(1) http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/PDF.2004-03-03.1423/file [Accessed 2008 Dec 24]. (2) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

4.11

(1) Tree or shrub

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=821 [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

4.12

(1)Ability to compete with weeds. The tree is highly sensitive to competition in the early stages, and the plantations must be kept weed free for 6-12 months after planting. After that time, the dense crown inhibits competing weeds [no evidence that E. urophylla forms dense stands in natural settings, only in plantations]

(1)National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Firewood crops: shrub and tree species for energy production : volume 2. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

5.01

(1) Terrestrial

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=821 [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

5.02

(1) Myrtaceae

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405679 [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

5.03

(1) Myrtaceae

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405679 [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

5.04

(1) Tree or shrub

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=821 [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

6.01

(1) E.urophylla indigenous to East Timor germplasm is of major international importance for forestry efforts.

(1) http://www.aciar.gov.au/system/files/sites/aciar/files/node/512/pr113.pdf#page=161 [Accessed 2008 Jan6].

6.02

(1) Easily propagated by seed.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

6.03

(1) E. urophylla hybridizes readily with other species.

(1) http://www.aciar.gov.au/system/files/sites/aciar/files/node/512/pr113.pdf#page=161 [Accessed 2008 Jan6].

6.04

(1) Self-compatible.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=821 [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

6.05

(1) Insect pollinated. (2) Pollinated by insects, birds, or small mammals.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2008 Dec 24]. (2) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=821 [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

6.06

(1) Reproduces by seed. Can be propagated by cuttings.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

6.07

(1) Flowering starts within two years and seeds are produced abundantly within 4 years of growth.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

7.01

(1) The size of the seed of E. urophylla keeps it from being seen with the naked eye. (2) In tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, South America and Asia, E. urophylla is commercially planted for wood.

(1) http://ftbc.job.affrc.go.jp/html/english/ph_collection/index.htm [Accessed 2008 Dec 30]. (2) Payn, K. G., Dvorak, W.S., Myburg, A.A. (2007). "Chloroplast DNA phylogeography reveals the island colonisation route of Eucalyptus urophylla (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 55.

7.02

(1) E. urophylla has been introduced into Brazil, originally into the Rio Claro arboretum under the name `E. alba', these have now been confirmed as E. urophylla (Eldridge et al., 1993). Additional introductions have been made to the following countries: Bali Island (1935), East Java (1937), Bandung (1952), Bogor (1960), Congo (1957 and 1962), French Guyana, Australia (1966), and Papua New Guinea (1971). E. urophylla was introduced into North Vietnam in 1970 in a species/provenance trial program (Nguyen Hoang Nghia, 1996). It has also been planted in China, Colombia, and a number of African countries and the South-East Asian countries of Laos and the Philippines.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

7.03

(1)No evidence of produce contamination [not grown with produce]

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

7.04

(1) Eucalyptus can be dispersed over a short distance by wind.

(1)Brooker, M.I.H. and D.A. Kleinig. 1990. Field Guide to Eucalypts South East Australia.Inkata Press. Melbourne

7.05

(1)No indication that small seeds are water-dispersed, and habitat does not mention riparian corridors or waterways (2)E. urophylla grows on mountain slopes and in valleys [no indication that natural habitat occurs along riparian corridors]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2008 Dec 24]. (2)Hanum, I. F. and L.J.G Van der Maesen (Editors). 1997. PROSEA : Plant Resources of South-East Asia 11, Auxiliary Plants. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia.

7.06

(1) The size of the seed of E. urophylla keeps it from being seen with the naked eye.

(1) http://ftbc.job.affrc.go.jp/html/english/ph_collection/index.htm [Accessed 2008 Dec 30].

7.07

(1) No clear means of attachment.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

7.08

(1) The size of the seed of E. urophylla keeps it from being seen with the naked eye.

(1) http://ftbc.job.affrc.go.jp/html/english/ph_collection/index.htm [Accessed 2008 Dec 30].

8.01

(1) In Eucalypts the seeds are shed in large numbers. (2) E. urophylla has 450,00 viable seeds per kiolgram..

(1)Brooker, M.I.H. and D.A. Kleinig. 1990. Field Guide to Eucalypts South East Australia.Inkata Press. Melbourne (2) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

8.02

(1) Seed is orthodox and can be stored for a long period of time.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

8.03

Unknown [no evidence of conrol with herbicides]

8.04

(1) Its fast growth, coppicing ability, adaptability to a range of environments, relative resistance to fire, pests and diseases, and suitability for a variety of wood products place it among the most useful tropical trees.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2008 Dec 24].

8.05

Unknown