Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate, score: 4
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Eucalyptus torelliana (cadagha, cadaghi, blood-leaf gum, gum tree) Synonyum- Corymbia torelliana | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | n | |
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | n | |
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | n | 0 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | y | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | n | -2 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 2 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | n | 0 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | ||
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | n | 0 |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | n | 0 |
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | n | 0 |
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | y | 1 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y | 1 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | y | 1 |
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | n | -1 |
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | n | -1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 4 | -1 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | y | 1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | y | 1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | y | 1 |
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | y | 1 |
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | n | -1 |
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | y | 1 |
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | ||
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | ||
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | n | -1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | 4 |
Supporting data:
| Notes | Reference | |
| 1.01 | No evidence. | |
| 1.02 | No evidence of naturalization. | |
| 1.03 | No evidence | |
| 2.01 | Native range - Australia (Queensland). E. torelliana is restricted to rainforest margins or wet sclerophyll forests on deep, relatively rich soils in a narrow high-rainfall belt from 50 to 80 km wide between the coastal plains and the top of adjacent ranges in northeast Queensland. It occurs from Cooktown south to west of Ingham. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 2.02 | ||
| 2.03 |
(1) 'It is widely cultivated for amenity purposes because of its dense broad
canopy and adaptability to a range of climatic conditions. ' Vegetation
types: riparian forests; sclerophyllous forests. Approximate limits north to
south: 15°S to
19°S.
- Altitude range: 30 - 800 m - Mean annual rainfall: 900 - 2000 mm - Rainfall regime: summer - Dry season duration: > 3 months - Mean annual temperature: 0 - 0ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 29 - 30ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 12 - 15ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: > 5ºC (2)Hardiness range - 10A - 11 |
(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.horticopia.com/hortpix/html/pc2330.htm |
| 2.04 | Native range - Australia (Queensland). E. torelliana is restricted to rainforest margins or wet sclerophyll forests on deep, relatively rich soils in a narrow high-rainfall belt from 50 to 80 km wide between the coastal plains and the top of adjacent ranges in northeast Queensland. It occurs from Cooktown south to west of Ingham. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 2.05 | E. torelliana has been cultivated or trialed mainly in low latitude tropical countries to include the following countries. The countries listed are taken from the Australian Tree Seed Centre (CSIRO, FFP) seed database and literature: Nigeria, Cameron, Sierra Leone, Benin, Guinea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Madagascar, Comoros, Malawi, Zambia, Congo Democratic republic (Zaire), South Africa, India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Brunei, Malaysia, Fiji, Brazil, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines and Mexico.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 3.01 | No evidence of naturalization. | |
| 3.02 | 'The sticky seed pod resin from the E. torelliana is collected by bees, but unfortunately because of the weight of the resin, it is deposited either at the entrance to honey bee hives or within the honeycombs. This completely clogs both the honeycombs and sometimes seals the bee hive entrance, killing all bees inside.Also, this gum tree (E. torelliana) has large leaves that, at this time of the year, are covered in a sooty fungus which can drips on cars, pavers and outdoor furniture. As well, the tree has large horizontal limbs that are liable to snap off on a still hot summer night - three reasons indeed not to plant Eucalyptus torelliana in your backyard!' [Answered no because no other evidence in addition to this]. | http://www.abc.net.au/brisbane/stories/s1485421.htm |
| 3.03 | No evidence | |
| 3.04 | (1)Weediness could become a problem given that the species can produce copious quantities of seed and it is adaptable to a wide range of sites as found in Queensland. However, reports of weediness have not been documented. (2)E. torelliana has been declared a pest by Brisbane City Council and I have heard information from a number of sources that the E torelliana pollen makes the bees enter a "drunken" type of state and go around destroying their nests. Others say that the "stuff" they use from the cadaghi tree weakens the nest and causes it to collapse. (3)Tropical tree- moderately invasive. | (1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.envirotalk.com.au/forum/index.php?showtopic=327 93)http://invasive.m-fuukei.jp/sdetail.php?g=Eucalyptus&s=torelliana |
| 3.05 | Severa Eucalyptus species such as E. populnea,E. pilularis, E. ferruginear and E. cambageana are listed as principal weeds in Australia. | An electronic Atlas of Weeds and Invasive Species. CD ROM version 1. 1997. Based on the original work 'A Geographical Atlas of Weeds' by Holm et al. |
| 4.01 | No evidence of such structures. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 4.02 | No evidence | |
| 4.03 | No evidence | |
| 4.04 | Don’t know. | |
| 4.05 | No evidence | |
| 4.06 |
Pests recorded Insect pests: Amblyseius victoriensis Ceresa alta Eulepida mashona Monolepta australis [1] Fungus diseases: Corticium salmonicolor Cryphonectria gyrosa Cylindrocladium ovatum Pseudophaeolus baudonii Undetermined pests: Valsa eucalypti [no evidence that the above are economically important pests] |
CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 4.07 | No evidence | |
| 4.08 | Native range - Australia (Queensland). E. torelliana is restricted to rainforest margins or wet sclerophyll forests on deep, relatively rich soils in a narrow high-rainfall belt from 50 to 80 km wide between the coastal plains and the top of adjacent ranges in northeast Queensland. [Probably not - an evergree tree that inhabits wet regions] | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 4.09 | (1) ' It is one of the few eucalypts that can survive in closed rainforest conditions being tolerant of shade, competition and high rainfall year round.' (2)Open and sunny. (3)Sun Exposure: Full sun (4) Sun exposure -full sun. | (1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.treefarm.com.au/Eucalyptus_torelliana_x.htm (3)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Myrtaceae/Eucalyptus_torelliana.html (4)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/71133/index.html// |
| 4.1 |
(1)- Soil texture: light; medium - Soil drainage: free - Soil reaction: neutral - Special soil tolerances: - Soil types: alluvial soils; podzols (2)Soil pH requirements: 5.1 to 5.5 (strongly acidic) 5.6 to 6.0 (acidic) 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic) 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline) |
(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/71133/index.html// |
| 4.11 | Not a climber. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 4.12 | No evidence | |
| 5.01 | 'E. torelliana is a medium to tall tree 20-30 m tall and up to one metre in diameter at maturity with a broad somewhat open dense canopy.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 5.02 | 'E. torelliana is a medium to tall tree 20-30 m tall and up to one metre in diameter at maturity with a broad somewhat open dense canopy.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 5.03 | No evidence | |
| 5.04 | 'E. torelliana is a medium to tall tree 20-30 m tall and up to one metre in diameter at maturity with a broad somewhat open dense canopy.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 6.01 | In Australia flowering time extends from August to October. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 6.02 | 'Propagation is normally from seed which has a germination of approximately 3400/10g. ' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 6.03 | In its natural habitat, E. torelliana does not have the opportunity to hybridize with any member of the section Ochraria (Hill and Johnson, 1995) and no natural hybrids were recorded by Griffin et al., (1988). Intersectional hybrids are formed occasionally with species of both section Politaria (E. henryi) and section Ochraria (E. tessellaris) (Hill and Johnson, 1995). Wardell-Johnson et al., (1997) refer to natural hybrids between E. tessellaris x E. torelliana in the North Kennedy Pastoral District of north Queensland.Lamb (1967) cited in Barrett and Mullin (1968) report that a natural hybrid between E. citriodora x E. torelliana from the Jos Plateau in Nigeria was much more vigorous than either parent. Alternate rows of E. citriodora and E. torelliana have been grown to produce a continuous supply of F1 hybrid seed. It was noted to flower all year round and to be more effective than most eucalypts in shading out ground vegetation. ... Kapoor and Sharma (1984) reported on the presence of spontaneous hybrids between E. citriodora and E. torelliana in India. The occurrence of ovate-leaved seedlings in the progeny of E. citriodora, and of broadly lanceolate-leaved seedlings with lignotubers in the progeny of E. torelliana (which does not possess lignotubers) served as marker characteristics in the detection of F1 hybrids in the nursery. The number of hybrids detected from the open-pollinated progenies was limited to 4 out of 67 seedlings (5.9%) in E. citriodora and 8 out of 370 seedlings (2.5%) in E. torelliana.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 6.04 | 'Pollination in eucalypts is normally by insects, or rarely by wind, and like other species of eucalypts, the mating system of E. torelliana is likely to be predominantly outcrossing.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 6.05 | 'Pollination in eucalypts is normally by insects, or rarely by wind, and like other species of eucalypts, the mating system of E. torelliana is likely to be predominantly outcrossing.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 6.06 | No evidence of vegetative spread in the wild. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 6.07 | A large forestry tree - valued for its ornamental canopy and not for the flowers - probably takes 4+ years to reach maturity. | xxxx |
| 7.01 | 'Resin from seed pod makes it sticky. [The seeds are relatively small, but the plant produces sticky resin - it is very likely for seeds to be transported via this sticky resin]. | http://www.abc.net.au/brisbane/stories/s1485421.htm |
| 7.02 | 'It is widely cultivated for amenity purposes because of its dense broad canopy and adaptability to a range of climatic conditions. ' 'However, in Australia, the species has been very successfully grown as an ornamental including roadside trees where the trees would receive minimal care.' [Desirable species for amenity and ornamental purposes]. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 7.03 | ' E. torelliana had a mean height of 6.6 m and a diameter of 7.0 cm. In Minas Gerais State of Brazil, Couto et al. (1994) reported that the species is used for intercropping with maize because of its rapid growth rate which allows for a 5-7 year rotation.' [Yes because - the species has relatively small seeds and when grown near produce crops could be a seed contaminant]. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 7.04 | 'Generally seed dispersal in eucalypts appears to be very limited and mainly associated with wind and gravity. However in the case of E. torelliana, Wallace and Trueman (1995) report that seed can sometimes be dispersed by native trigonid bees up to a distance of about 300 m.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 7.05 | 'Generally seed dispersal in eucalypts appears to be very limited and mainly associated with wind and gravity. However in the case of E. torelliana, Wallace and Trueman (1995) report that seed can sometimes be dispersed by native trigonid bees up to a distance of about 300 m.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 7.06 | 'Generally seed dispersal in eucalypts appears to be very limited and mainly associated with wind and gravity. However in the case of E. torelliana, Wallace and Trueman (1995) report that seed can sometimes be dispersed by native trigonid bees up to a distance of about 300 m.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 7.07 | 'Fruits of Eucalyptus torelliana produce resin which is collected by workers of the stingless bee Trigona carbonaria. Seeds adhere to resin in the workers' corbiculare and are transported to the nest. A study was made of T. carbonaria behaviour at E. torelliana fruits and around 5 nest entrances in Brisbane, Queensland, during the period 1991-94. Workers transported seeds distances of > 300 m from the parent tree, and seeds at the nest were viable and capable of germination. Seeds were removed from the nests by workers and discarded away from the nest, and E. torelliana trees became established in the vicinity of colonies of T. carbonaria. It is suggested that 'mellitochory' may be a novel method of seed dispersal where bees are dispersers, and associated with fruits that produce resin as an attractant for bees.' | Dispersal of Eucalyptus torelliana seeds by the resin-collecting stingless bee, Trigona carbonaria . By: Wallace, H. M.; Oecologia 104 (1), 1995, p.12-16 (Journal article) |
| 7.08 | Probably not - no evidence of ingestion. 'Generally seed dispersal in eucalypts appears to be very limited and mainly associated with wind and gravity. However in the case of E. torelliana, Wallace and Trueman (1995) report that seed can sometimes be dispersed by native trigonid bees up to a distance of about 300 m.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 8.01 | (1)It has attractive pink new foliage and flowers profusely providing ornamental value and source of nectar for bees. The species can be a precocious seeder and capsules mature in January-March. 'The seeds are glossy, red-brown, dorsiventrally compressed with a median dorsal keel, 2-3 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide.' Weediness could become a problem given that the species can produce copious quantities of seed and it is adaptable to a wide range of sites as found in Queensland. However, reports of weediness have not been documented. (2)Many tiny seeds. | (1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.bfns.org.au/index.php?c=5&w=45 |
| 8.02 | ' Seed storage orthodox' [No evidence of seed viability under natural conditions]. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 8.03 | No evidence that the speceis is being controlled for. | xxxx |
| 8.04 | 'E. torelliana has a limited natural distribution and the influence of fires and land clearing has further reduced its distribution.' [Probably not - killed by fire - no evidence of resprouting or coppicing ability]. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 8.05 | Don’t know. | xxxx |
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