Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Eucalyptus sideroxylon
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 2 (low risk based on second screen)
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Eucalyptus sideroxylon (black ironbark, red ironbark) Synonym: Eucalyptus sideroxylon var. rosea Family- Myrtaceae | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | y | |
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | n | |
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | y | 1 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | y | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) , n= question 2.05 | y | 2 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | ||
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 2 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | y | 1 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | ||
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | n | 0 |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | n | 0 |
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | ||
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | n | 0 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y | 1 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | ||
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | ||
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | n | -1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 4 | -1 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | n | -1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | n | -1 |
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | n | -1 |
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | n | -1 |
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | ||
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | ||
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | ||
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | y | 1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | 2 |
Supporting data:
| Notes | Reference | |
| 1.01 | No evidence | |
| 1.02 | (1) "Eucalyptus sideroxylon, a dicot in the family Myrtaceae, is a tree that is not native to California; it was introduced from elsewhere and naturalized in the wild." (2) Naturalized in Hawaii. | (1) http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=3537&ttime=1157664105 (2) http://plants.usda.gov/java/county?state_name=Hawaii&statefips=15&symbol=EUSI2 and Wagner, W. L. Herbst, D. L. and Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu. page 958 |
| 1.03 | "Cultivars -'Rosea' is a pink flowering variety. Others are available with very gray foliage and darker bark. Due to variability in color from pale pink to light crimson, selection should be made when in flower. " [No evidence of the cultivars being weedy]. | |
| 2.01 | (1) "Open forest of the western slopes and plains of New South Wales, extending into Queensland and Victoria." (2) This tree has been cultivated as well outside of Australia, in countries that include the US, Brazil and many Mediterranean areas. It originates in Queensland, grows through NSW and into the north-eastern areas of Victoria. | (1) http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/e-sider.html (2) http://www.metrotrees.com.au/eucalyptus-sideroxylon-rosea |
| 2.02 | "This tree has been cultivated as well outside of Australia, in countries that include the US, Brazil and many Mediterranean areas. It originates in Queensland, grows through NSW and into the north-eastern areas of Victoria. " | http://www.metrotrees.com.au/eucalyptus-sideroxylon-rosea |
| 2.03 |
(1) Altitude range: 0 - 2000 m - Mean annual rainfall: 420 - 1000 mm - Rainfall regime: summer; winter; uniform - Dry season duration: 4 - 7 months - Mean annual temperature: 19 - 24ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 25 - 34ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 0 - 8ºC (2) USDA zones 9 to 11. |
(1) CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2) |
| 2.04 | (1) "Open forest of the western slopes and plains of New South Wales, extending into Queensland and Victoria." (2) This tree has been cultivated as well outside of Australia, in countries that include the US, Brazil and many Mediterranean areas. It originates in Queensland, grows through NSW and into the north-eastern areas of Victoria. | (1) http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/e-sider.html (2) http://www.metrotrees.com.au/eucalyptus-sideroxylon-rosea |
| 2.05 | "This tree has been cultivated as well outside of Australia, in countries that include the US, Brazil and many Mediterranean areas. It originates in Queensland, grows through NSW and into the north-eastern areas of Victoria. " | http://www.metrotrees.com.au/eucalyptus-sideroxylon-rosea |
| 3.01 | (1) "Eucalyptus sideroxylon, a dicot in the family Myrtaceae, is a tree that is not native to California; it was introduced from elsewhere and naturalized in the wild." (2) Naturalized in Hawaii. | (1) http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=3537&ttime=1157664105 (2) http://plants.usda.gov/java/county?state_name=Hawaii&statefips=15&symbol=EUSI2 and Wagner, W. L. Herbst, D. L. and Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu. page 958 |
| 3.02 | No evidence | |
| 3.03 | Listed as a 'category 2' weed in South Africa. "These are the plants which have been declared Weeds and Alien Invader Plants in South Africa in terms of the Regulations pertaining to the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 of 1983 as amended. For more information, please see the website of the ARC- PPRI at http://www.arc.agric.za/institutes/ppri/main/divisions/weedsdiv.htm" [No further evidence of it being a weed in agricultural/forestry areas]. | http://www.plantzafrica.com/miscell/aliens1.htm |
| 3.04 | No evidence | |
| 3.05 | Severa Eucalyptus species such as E. populnea,E. pilularis, E. ferruginear and E. cambageana are listed as principal weeds in Australia. | An electronic Atlas of Weeds and Invasive Species. CD ROM version 1. 1997. Based on the original work 'A Geographical Atlas of Weeds' by Holm et al. |
| 4.01 | No evidence of such structures. | Wagner, W. L. Herbst, D. L. and Sohmer, S. H. 1990. Manual of Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu.Page 958 |
| 4.02 | (1) "Seeds germination and weed yeild was least under fresh Eucalyptus mulches. Eucalyptus sideroxylon 'rosea' A. Cunn. ex Woolls, was the most inhibitory and E. globulus Labill. the least inhibitory of the fresh mulch treatment." (2) "Green (1991) stated that Eucalyptus sideroxylon, widely planted in the 1950's was not used by the forestry department in the late twentieth century because of its great allelopathic potential." | (1) http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/freeform/slosson/documents/1993-19942140.pdf#search=%22%22Eucalyptus%20sideroxylon%22%20toxic%7Ctoxin%22 (2) http://www.conservationandsociety.org/cs_4_1_1-35.pdf#search=%22%22Eucalyptus%20sideroxylon%22%20allelopathic%7Callelopathy%22 |
| 4.03 | No evidence | |
| 4.04 | Don’t know. | |
| 4.05 | No evidence | |
| 4.06 | (1) The following pests
were listed to be associated with Eucalyptus sideroxylon:
Anoplognathus insect Glycaspis brimblecombei (red gum lerp psyllid) insect Gonipterus insect Paropsis charybdis (eucalyptus tortoise beetle) insect Phylacteophaga froggatti (leafblister sawfly) insect - No evidence that the above are economic pests. (2) No significant pest problems are known at this time. |
(1) CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2) http://www.cityofla.org/BOSS/streettree/EucalyptusSideroxylon.htm |
| 4.07 | No evidence | |
| 4.08 | Grows in regions with mean annual rainfall: 420 - 1000 mm. [Seems to grow in relatively dry regions, however an evergreen tree - in sufficent evidence to conclude it being a fire hazard]. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 4.09 | (1) Sun Exposure: Full sun to light shade (2) It cannot grow in the shade. | (1) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Myrtaceae/Eucalyptus_sideroxylon.html (2) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Eucalyptus+sideroxylon |
| 4.1 |
(1) E.sideroxylon is suitable for medium to larger gardens and is hardy in a
wide range of soils and climates. (2) Soil texture: light; medium; heavy - Soil drainage: free - Soil reaction: neutral; alkaline - Special soil tolerances: shallow; saline; infertile |
(1) http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/e-sider.html (2) CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 4.11 | A tree. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 4.12 | "Eucalyptus sideroxylon seldom forms pure stands and is usually associated with many other eucalyptus abd some Callitris species. | http://www.dlwc.nsw.gov.au/care/soil/soil_pubs/pdfs/ironbarks.pdf |
| 5.01 | A medium sized tree commonly growing 10- 25 m tall and up to 1 m in dbh. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 5.02 | ||
| 5.03 | ||
| 5.04 | ||
| 6.01 | "Flowers are normally well displayed and are usually white. However, pink and red flowering forms are fairly common with both recognised varieties and are popular in cultivation." | http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/e-sider.html |
| 6.02 | Propagation is from seed which germinates readily. | http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/e-sider.html |
| 6.03 | Don’t know. | |
| 6.04 | Don’t know. | |
| 6.05 | "The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees. " | http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Eucalyptus+sideroxylon |
| 6.06 | No evidence of vegetative spread in the wild. | |
| 6.07 | "Establishment is rapid with good quality planting stock, and Red Ironbark should be fully established after 2 years. Trees will grow up to 1200mm per year given ideal conditions." [Fast growing tree species - fully established after 2 years - probably takes about 4+ years to start flowering] | http://www.metrotrees.com.au/eucalyptus-sideroxylon-rosea |
| 7.01 | Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment. | Wagner, W. L. Herbst, D. L. and Sohmer, S. H. 1990. Manual of Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu.Page 958 |
| 7.02 | "The timber of E. sideroxylon, although difficult to work, is very heavy, very hard and very durable and is used in general construction and particularly where durability is important. The tree has ornamental value; a pink or red flowering form (var. rosea) is used in horticulture. It also makes a good shelterbelt tree and is an excellent honey producer." | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 7.03 | Probably not - no evidence that the species is planted or occurs near field of produce crops. | |
| 7.04 | Probably yes - A tall tree with fruit being woody capsules 5-14 mm long and 6-14 mm wide. Seeds probably dispersed by wind and gravity on opening of the capsules. | |
| 7.05 | Probably not - No evidence that the species inhabits waterways or has special adaptations for dispersal by water. | |
| 7.06 | Probably not - fruit is a woody capsule. | Wagner, W. L. Herbst, D. L. and Sohmer, S. H. 1990. Manual of Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu.Page 958 |
| 7.07 | Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment. | |
| 7.08 | Probably not - no evidence of ingestion by ungulates or birds. Fruit is a woody capsule. | |
| 8.01 | No evidence regarding seed size or number of seeds to a capsule. | |
| 8.02 | Seed storage orthodox [NO evidence regarding seed longevity in the field conditions]. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 8.03 | No evidence that the species is being controlled for. | |
| 8.04 | Tolerates fire, ability to coppice | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 8.05 | Don’t know. |
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This page was created on 23 December 2006 by JS, and was last updated on 22 August 2017 by PT.