Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Eucalyptus paniculata Sm.; grey ironbark

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

11

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

category 2 invader in South Africa [proven plant invaders under uncontrolled conditions outside demarcated areas]

http://www.gov.za/gazette/notices/1999/2485.htm

1.03

no evidence

2.01

E. paniculata is a species of subtropical warm humid to sub-humid climates.
Natural latitude range: Approximate limits north to south: 30S to 37S
List of countries with natural populations
Australia: New South Wales, Queensland

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

2.03

(1) Climate descriptors
- Altitude range: 0 - 1500 m
- Mean annual rainfall: 530 - 1700 mm
- Rainfall regime: summer; uniform
- Dry season duration: 2 - 3 months
- Mean annual temperature: 13 - 23C
- Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 24 - 31C
- Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 1 - 8C
- Absolute minimum temperature: > 0C
some tolerance of drought and light frost. (2)The tree can be found on a range of topograhy from valley bottoms to the slopes and tops of ridges and hills. It is drought hardy.

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/

2.04

E. paniculata is a species of subtropical warm humid to sub-humid climates.
Natural latitude range: Approximate limits north to south: 30S to 37S
List of countries with natural populations
Australia: New South Wales, Queensland

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

List of countries where planted
Europe: Spain
Asia: Bangladesh, China, India], Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam
Africa: Angola, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali' Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Caribbean: Haiti
South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay
Oceania: [Australia] New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia, Papua New Guinea

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.01

category 2 invader in South Africa [proven plant invaders under uncontrolled conditions outside demarcated areas]

http://www.gov.za/gazette/notices/1999/2485.htm

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

category 2 invader in South Africa [proven plant invaders under uncontrolled conditions outside demarcated areas]

http://www.gov.za/gazette/notices/1999/2485.htm

3.05

Bacon, P. (Project coordinator) (1997) An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species.Version 1.0 May 1997. (Based on the original work "Holm, L.; J.V. Puncho; J.P. Herberger & D.L. Plucknett (1979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc." )

E. campageana, E. ferruginea, E. gracilis, E. marginata, E. miniata, e. pilularis, E. populnea, and E. tetradonta were listed as principal weeds in Australia (native habitat)

4.01

no description of these traits

Penfold, A. R. & J.L. Willis (1961) The eucalypts: botany, cultivation, chemistry, and utilization. Interscience Publishers , London, L. Hill; New York 1961. 551 pp. p.444

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

Chemical properties of Eucalyptus deter grazing

http://www.ganesha.co.uk/Articles/Eucalyptus.htm

4.05

no evidence

4.06

Fungi associated with Eucalyptus paniculata
Armillaria mellea: Southern Africa [generalist]
Armillaria sp.: South Africa
Cryphonectria cubensis: Brazil [generalist]
Cylindrocladium scoparium: Brazil [generalist]
Fomes robiniae: Australia [wood-rotting fungus]
Ganoderma colossus: South Africa [wood-rotting fungus]
Lentinus stuppeus: Southern Africa [wood-rotting fungus]
Lenzites palisoti: Southern Africa [wood-rotting fungus]
Oidium sp.: Australia
Pappimyces hastatus: Brazil [no known economic importance]
Polyporus baudoni: South Africa [wood-rotting fungus]
Polyscytalum truncatum: Brazil [no known economic importance]
Pseudophaeolus baudonii: South Africa [wood-rotting fungus]
Satchmopsis brasiliensis: Brazil [no known economic importance]
*Sphaerotheca alchemillae: New Zealand [an important powder mildew pathogen of strawberry with limited host range on Rosaceae and a number of Eucalyptus species]
Stereum hirsutum: Southern Africa

4.07

Pests recorded
Insect pests:Phoracantha semipunctata [Eucalyptus longhorn borer (a Cerambycid).]
Fungus diseases: Armillaria mellea [generalist]

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.08

eucalypt soils contained 27 tons of litter per hectare compared to only 12 tons produced by the native forest [sheds significant litter]

http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/reports/euc-braz/eucal2a.html

4.09

(1) open, sunny position. (2)full sun

(1)http://www.warringah.nsw.gov.au/tree_replacement_large.htm (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/

4.1

(1) "with adaptability to a wide range of soil conditions"
Descriptors
- Soil texture: light; medium
- Soil drainage: free
- Soil reaction: acid; neutral
- Special soil tolerances: shallow
(2) "It will grow on poor stony soils, but is commonly found on clay loams or sandy loams with a clay subsoil.

(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2) Kelly, Stan. (1969) Eucalypts. Text by G. M. Chippendale and R. D. Johnston. Nelson, Melbourne 1969. 82pp. p.64

4.11

"Eucalyptus paniculata is a medium-sized to tall tree, 15-30 m high and with a diameter at breast height (dbh) up to 1 m. On favourable sites, heights of up to 50 m and dbhs of 1.5 m have been recorded."

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.12

no evidence

5.01

"Thrives on good sandy loams, particularly in moist valleys, but avoid poor sands."

Penfold, A. R. & J.L. Willis (1961) The eucalypts: botany, cultivation, chemistry, and utilization. Interscience Publishers , London, L. Hill; New York 1961. 551 pp. p.444

5.02

tree; Myrtaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Propagation by Seed
Time of year to sow seed: spring
Seed treatment : 40F for 2mo.
Preferred temperature for germination : 70-85 degrees F
Time required for germination : 2-4 weeks
Comment: Sow seeds in flats and cover with a thin layer of sand. Overhead watering should be with a fine spray.

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/lppi/htm/sp136.htm

6.03

E. hybrida Maiden is a hybrid between E. hemiphloia and E. paniculata

Penfold, A. R. & J.L. Willis (1961) The eucalypts: botany, cultivation, chemistry, and utilization. Interscience Publishers , London, L. Hill; New York 1961. 551 pp. p.432

6.04

no evidence

6.05

(1) "produces good honey" [visited by bees]
(2) Flying-foxes feed on nectar and pollen of the species (3)Excellent nectar source for honey bees [cream colored flowers]

(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2) http://www.sydneybats.org.au/PDF/dietspecies.PDF (3)http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/520

6.06

no evidence

6.07

(1)growth rate medium (2)Grey Ironbark is a hard dense wood [minimum for a medium growth rate large tree]

(1)http://www.fncw.nsw.gov.au/camphor_kit/6a_Paddock_trees.xls (2)http://www.woodbook.co.uk/I%20-L.htm

7.01

no evidence

7.02

List of countries where planted
Europe: Spain
Asia: Bangladesh, China, India], Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam
Africa: Angola, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali' Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Caribbean: Haiti
South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay
Oceania: [Australia] New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia, Papua New Guinea
(2)Eucalyptus paniculata TIMBER (Burkill 1966) Yields excellent timber which is commercially important.

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.batcon.org/discover/ffecon4.html

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Approximate viable seed per gram 180. [small wedged shaped seeds]

http://www.nzseeds.co.nz/seed_list/Eucalyptus_paniculata.html

7.05

no evidence

7.06

dry fruit

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence of ingestion

8.01

Approximate viable seed per gram 180. [small seeds]

http://www.nzseeds.co.nz/seed_list/Eucalyptus_paniculata.html

8.02

About 95% of Eucalyptus seed needs no pre-treatment [lacks natural dormancy in soil]

http://www.australiaplants.com/eucalyptus_seed_germination.htm

8.03

no evidence

8.04

"good coppicing ability"

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.05

no evidence