Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Eucalyptus kruseana F. Muell. ; bookleaf mallee, Kruse's mallee

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

List of countries with natural populations
Australia: Western Australia [dry subtropical]

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

It is native to the Coolgardie district of West Australia.

http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_kruseana.htm

2.03

(1) "It is found in flat or gently sloping country east and south east of Kalgroogie, including a few miles north and east of Karonie, and near Binyarinyinna Rock on the north tip of Lake Cowan. The average annual rainfall in this area is 8-10 inch, falling mainly in late summer to early spring. The nearest climatic records which may be significant are at Kalgoorlie where the extreme summer temperature is 115 °F with frequent days over 100 °F, and the winter extreme is 28.9 °F with an average of eight frost."
(2) USDA: 9b-10; Frost Tolerance: Semi hardy in Phoenix, hardy to 25-28°F (-4 to -2°C) (3)drought resistant, somewhat frost resistant (4)Restricted to Granite outcrops & hills.[native range][llimited native range may not reflect all suitable areas]

(1) Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.84
(2) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Myrtaceae/Eucalyptus_kruseana.html (3)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_kruseana.htm (4)http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/flora?f=273&level=s&id=5687

2.04

List of countries with natural populations
Australia: Western Australia [dry subtropical]

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

(1)"The bookleaf mallee is cultivated in Kalgoorlie, and in the drier areas of Victoria and New South Wales." (2)South West USA

(1)Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) / [by] G. M. Chippendale. Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.84 (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Myrtaceae/Eucalyptus_kruseana.html

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

Bacon, P. (Project coordinator) (1997) An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species.Version 1.0 May 1997. (Based on the original work "Holm, L.; J.V. Puncho; J.P. Herberger & D.L. Plucknett (1979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc." )

E. campageana, E. ferruginea, E. gracilis, E. marginata, E. miniata, e. pilularis, E. populnea, and E. tetradonta were listed as principal weeds in Australia (native habitat)

4.01

no descriptions of these traits

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.84

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/pp_home.cgi

4.04

Chemical properties of Eucalyptus deter grazing

http://www.ganesha.co.uk/Articles/Eucalyptus.htm

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

Shrub to 10 feet tall [does not appear to accumulate litter like many Eucalyptus trees; no evidence of dense growth]

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Myrtaceae/Eucalyptus_kruseana.html

4.09

(1)"Sun Exposure: Full sun" (2)Sun

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Myrtaceae/Eucalyptus_kruseana.html (2)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_kruseana.htm

4.1

(1) "It will grow in most soils from light sand to clay."
(2) "It is easy to grow in most soils in area of moderate to dry rainfall. "
(3) "It will grow in sandy or loamy soil" (4)Best in poor soils with low fertility or moisture

(1) Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.84
(2) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Myrtaceae/Eucalyptus_kruseana.html
(3) Kelly, Stan. (1969) Eucalypts. Text by G. M. Chippendale and R. D. Johnston. Nelson, Melbourne 1969. 82pp. p.39 (4)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_kruseana.htm

4.11

tree

4.12

no evidence

5.01

"E. kruseana is a species restricted to certain areas of granite soil, usually associated with rock outcrops."

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.84

5.02

Shrub to 10 feet tall; Myrtaceae

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Myrtaceae/Eucalyptus_kruseana.html

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

"seed should germinate in one to three weeks"

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.84

6.03

AB: "The putative interspecific hybrid known as Eucalyptus brachyphylla , which is known to occur at two sites near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, contains the non-terpenoid ester 4-methyl-2-pentyl acetate and the related alcohol 4-methylpentan-2-ol, in its leaves. These compounds are otherwise known to occur in the leaves of only four Eucalyptus species and several putative interspecific hybrids. This, with the results of multivariate analyses of morphometric and oil composition data, adds considerable weight to earlier suggestions that E . 'brachyphylla' is an hybrid of E. loxophleba and E. kruseana . "

Grayling, P. M.; Brooker, M. I. H. (1996) Evidence for the identity of the hybrid Eucalyptus 'brachyphylla' (Myrtaceae) from morphology and essential-oil composition. Australian Journal of Botany, 1996, Vol.44, No.1, pp.1-13, 20 ref.

6.04

no evidence

6.05

"This plant is attractive to bees, butterflies and/or birds"

http://plantsdatabase.com/go/55096/

6.06

no evidence

6.07

(1)The average growth rate is 4 x 3' in 4 years and usually starts flowering in the third year. [requires many months for capsules to mature] (2)Growth Rate Slow

(1)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_kruseana.htm (2)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_kruseana.htm

7.01

no evidence

7.02

"a popular species for cultivation"

Kelly, Stan. (1969) Eucalypts. Text by G. M. Chippendale and R. D. Johnston. Nelson, Melbourne 1969. 82pp. p39.

7.03

no evidence

7.04

"The fertile seeds are brown, oblong, crescent-shaped, 1-2mm long and with a net-like pattern. The sterile seeds are red-brown, wedge-shaped, about 1mm long and with a faint, net-like pattern. The average of two samples of seed was 134 viable seeds pergram of fertle and sterile seeds." [small wedge-shaped seeds]

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.84

7.05

no evidence

7.06

fruit a woody capsule

7.07

no known means of attachment

7.08

no evidence of ingestion

8.01

"The fertile seeds are brown, oblong, crescent-shaped, 1-2mm long and with a net-like pattern. The sterile seeds are red-brown, wedge-shaped, about 1mm long and with a faint, net-like pattern. The average of two samples of seed was 134 viable seeds pergram of fertle and sterile seeds." [probably yes, small seeds]

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.84

8.02

(1) "seed should germinate in one to three weeks"
(2) p.54 "Eucalypt seed which will remain viable only a short time in soil, probably no more than 6-12 month."; "The seed of euclypt is normally released from its woody capsule at the end of a seasonally dry period. Afire which scorcheds the crown of a eucalypt but does not burn the capsules may trigger a near total release of seed from a mature capsule crop soon after the fire." [characteristics of the genus]

(1) Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.84
(2) Florence, R. G. (1996) Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. CSIRO, Australia, Collingwood, Vic., Australia. 1996. 413 pp.

8.03

no evidence

8.04

(1) "Light pruning only is recommended, as some cultivated specimens have not grown well after heavy pruning."
(2) "lignotuber" a modified root system and enables the plant to produce new shoots even after it has been destroyed above ground (generally by fire or cold)

(1) Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.84
(2) http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_kruseana.htm ; http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_Info.htm

8.05

no evidence