Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Eucalyptus intermedia (bloodwood, pink bloodwood)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence

1.03

No evidence

2.01

Distribution: Queensland, North Coast of New South Wales

http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/euctax.pl?/PlantNet/Euc=&name=Corymbia+intermedia

2.02

2.03

Widespread in some districts of SE Queensland in open forests and woodlands

Stanley and Ross. 1983. Flora of South-eastern Queensland Vol. 1. Queensland Dept of Prmary Industries, Brisbane

2.04

Distribution: Queensland, North Coast of New South Wales

http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/euctax.pl?/PlantNet/Euc=&name=Corymbia+intermedia

2.05

(1) Brazil, (2) Indonesia

(1) Andrade, H. B.; Soares, A. R.; Ramalho, M. A. P.; David, A. C. (1994) Evaluation of species and provenances of Eucalyptus l'Héritier (Myrtaceae) in the north and northwest regions of Minas Gerais. [FT: Avaliação de espécies e procedências de Eucalyptus l'heritier (Myrtaceae) nas regiões norte e noroeste do estado de Minas Gerais. Revista Árvore, 1994, Vol.18, No.3, pp.215-229, 11 ref.
(2) Otsamo, A.; Hadi, T. S.; Adjers, G.; Kuusipalo, J.; Vuokko, R. (1995) Performance and yield of 14 eucalypt species on Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. grassland 3 years after planting. New Forests, 1995, Vol.10, No.3, pp.257-265, 19 ref.

3.01

No evidence

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

Several eucalyptus species are listed as principal weeds in Australia.

Holm et al. 1997. An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species. CD-ROM database. Version 1.

4.01

No evidence

Penfold, A.R. and Willis J.L. 1961. The Eucalypts. Interscience publishers.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Don’t know

4.05

No evidence

4.06

Three fungi were listed to be associated with E. intermedia: Fomes setulosus: Australia, Polyporus flavus and Trametes feii. (saprophytes)

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Probably yes - described as schlerophyll trees. [resinous leaves]

Williams, P.R. 2000. Fire stimulated rainforest seedling recruitment and vegetation regeneration in a densely grassed wet schelrophyll forest of north eastern Australia. Auatralian journal of Botany. 48(5): 651-658.

4.09

in open forests and woodlands [probably not shade tolerant]

Stanley and Ross. 1983. Flora of South-eastern Queensland Vol. 1. Queensland Dept of Prmary Industries, Brisbane

4.1

(1) " in coastal forests on soils of medium fertility"
(2) AB: "Podzols are the dominant soils at Cooloola, forming a sequence from rudimentary through to giant forms, according to age. "; "MS and MSP forms of the 2 species occurred along the coastal margin and on the most nutrient-poor dunes; at all other sites SS forms were dominant." (3)well drained soils

(1) http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/euctax.pl?/PlantNet/Euc=&name=Corymbia+intermedia
(2) Walker, J.; Thompson, C. H.; Lacey, C. J. ET: Morphological differences in lignotubers of Eucalyptus intermedia R.T. Bak. and E. signata F. Muell. associated with different stages of podzol development on coastal dunes, Cooloola, Queensland. Australian Journal of Botany, 1987, Vol.35, No.3, pp.301-311, 25 ref. (3)http://www.fairhill.com.au/stock/index.html?itemeuc-int-gt.html

4.11

Probably not - not a vine.

Penfold, A.R. and Willis J.L. 1961. The Eucalypts. Interscience publishers.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

A tall tree.

Penfold, A.R. and Willis J.L. 1961. The Eucalypts. Interscience publishers.

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

trees of old growth forests, rare due to logging.

http://rainforestinfo.org.au/good_wood/oz_avoid.htm

6.02

p.305. The seeds germinate in 4-5 days

Beltrati, C. M. (1982) Morphology and anatomy of the seeds and young seedlings of Eucalyptus intermedia. [FT: Morfologia y anatomia das sementes e plantulas de Eucalyptus intermedia R.T. Baker.] Turrialba, 1982, Vol.32, No.3, pp.301-308, 13 ref.

6.03

No evidence

6.04

No evidence

6.05

(1)LARGE CLUSTERS OF WHITE FLOWERS ATTRACT NECTAR FEEDING BIRDS and are important for HONEY PRODUCTION. (2)Medium importance as a source of pollen for bees

(1)http://fairhillnursery.com/plea.html (2)Stanley and Ross. 1983. Flora of South-eastern Queensland Vol. 1. Queensland Dept of Prmary Industries, Brisbane

6.06

no evidence

6.07

Don’t know.

7.01

Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

Penfold, A.R. and Willis J.L. 1961. The Eucalypts. Interscience publishers.

7.02

introduced for forestry experiment

(1) Andrade, H. B.; Soares, A. R.; Ramalho, M. A. P.; David, A. C. (1994) Evaluation of species and provenances of Eucalyptus l'Héritier (Myrtaceae) in the north and northwest regions of Minas Gerais. [FT: Avaliação de espécies e procedências de Eucalyptus l'heritier (Myrtaceae) nas regiões norte e noroeste do estado de Minas Gerais. Revista Árvore, 1994, Vol.18, No.3, pp.215-229, 11 ref.
(2) Otsamo, A.; Hadi, T. S.; Adjers, G.; Kuusipalo, J.; Vuokko, R. (1995) Performance and yield of 14 eucalypt species on Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. grassland 3 years after planting. New Forests, 1995, Vol.10, No.3, pp.257-265, 19 ref.

7.03

no products

7.04

Winged seeds.

Blakey, W.F. 1934. A key to the Eucalypts. Thw workers trustees. Sydney.

7.05

7.06

7.07

7.08

8.01

(1)(2) Probably yes - 'the genus Eucalyptus produces numerous seeds. In E. intermedia the fruit is16 - 25 X 12-20 mm.
(3) p.302. seed measured 8.61x2.13mm in average, weighted 487.2 mg for 100 seeds  

(1)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)Blakey, W.F. 1934. A key to the Eucalypts. Thw workers trustees. Sydney.
(3) Beltrati, C. M. (1982) Morphology and anatomy of the seeds and young seedlings of Eucalyptus intermedia. [FT: Morfologia y anatomia das sementes e plantulas de Eucalyptus intermedia R.T. Baker.] Turrialba, 1982, Vol.32, No.3, pp.301-308, 13 ref.

8.02

p.305. Seeds germinate in 4 to 5 days

Beltrati, C. M. (1982) Morphology and anatomy of the seeds and young seedlings of Eucalyptus intermedia. [FT: Morfologia y anatomia das sementes e plantulas de Eucalyptus intermedia R.T. Baker.] Turrialba, 1982, Vol.32, No.3, pp.301-308, 13 ref.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

A high percentage of all trees and shrubs resprouted after the fires, …. but many seedlings of schlerophyll trees were documented especially … and Eucalyptus intermedia.' [Probably yes ]

Williams, P.R. 2000. Fire stimulated rainforest seedling recruitment and vegetation regeneration in a densely grassed wet schelrophyll forest of north eastern Australia. Auatralian journal of Botany. 48(5): 651-658.

8.05

Don’t know.