Escallonia rubra var. macrantha (Hook. & Arn.) Reiche. Family - Grossulariaceae. Common Names(s) - Redclaws. Synonym(s) - Escallonia macrantha Hook. & Arn.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

0

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

1

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

-1

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2+

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

4

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)Escallonia rubra (Ruiz & Pavon) Persoon, native to Chile and adjoining Argentina, is a second, more variable species with several taxonomic varieties and named cultivars. [several cultivars described, but no indication that any substantial changes have contributed to either greater or less invasiveness]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Escallonia rubra (Ruiz & Pavon) Persoon, native to Chile and adjoining Argentina, is a second, more variable species with several taxonomic varieties and named cultivars. [temperate climates] (2)The climate of the study region is humid-temperate with oceanic influence (di Castri and Hajek 1976), and is characterized by a mean annual precipitation of approximately 2200 mm and an average temperature of 9.5 °C.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. (2)Figueroa, J. A. 2003. Seed germination in temperate rain forest species of southern Chile: chilling and gap-dependency germination. Plant Ecology 166: 227–240.

2.02

(1)Escallonia rubra (Ruiz & Pavon) Persoon, native to Chile and adjoining Argentina, is a second, more variable species with several taxonomic varieties and named cultivars. [temperate climates] (2)The climate of the study region is humid-temperate with oceanic influence (di Castri and Hajek 1976), and is characterized by a mean annual precipitation of approximately 2200 mm and an average temperature of 9.5 °C. [general climate data within Escallonia native range]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. (2)Figueroa, J. A. 2003. Seed germination in temperate rain forest species of southern Chile: chilling and gap-dependency germination. Plant Ecology 166: 227–240.

2.03

(1)In Hawaii, escallonias thrive only at elevations above 2500'. (2)Hardiness Zones: 8 to 10 (3)It is hardy to zone 8. (4)Altitude: 1200-2300 m. [elevation range >1000 m]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. (2)http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/shrubs/escallonia_rubra.html [Accessed 14 Apr 2009] (3)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Escallonia+rubra+macrantha [Accessed 14 Apr 2009] (4)http://www.chileflora.com/Florachilena/FloraEnglish/HighResPages/EH0032.htm [Accessed 14 Apr 2009]

2.04

(1)Escallonia rubra listed as naturalized in San Francisco county (2)red claws - naturalized [Oregon] (3)listed as naturalized in Ireland...Habitat: damp rocks, walls, querries, railway banks (4)Habitat Introduced-naturalized; planted for hedging and ornament near sea. Distribution Common persistent relic in Southwest England, Wales (mainly South), Man, West Ireland and Channel Islands, also Dunbarton, rarely self-sown; Chile. (5)Escallonia rubra (Ruis et Pav.) Pers. var. macrantha (Hook, et Am.) Reiche escallonia DISTRIBUTION: Mairangi Bay, Auckland; Raetihi, Petone, Karori, Wellington; Westport, Denniston, and Cape Foulwind, Nelson; Ladbrooks, Canterbury; Bluff, Southland; Stewart I.; cliffs, forest margins, and roadsides. FIRST RECORD: Thomson, G. M., "The Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand", p. 409 (1922, as E. macrantha Hook, et Arn.). REGION OF ORIGIN: S America.

(1)http://natureinthecity.org/Yerba%20Buena%20Island%20Flora-1.pdf [Accessed 14 Apr 2009] (2)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/Faculty/Carr/ofp/esc_rub.htm [Accessed 14 Apr 2009] (3)http://www.biochange.ie/alienplants/result_options.php?species=307&families=Grossulariaceae&blz=1&p=i [Accessed 14 Apr 2009] (4)http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/flora.php?menuentry=soorten&id=2501 [Accessed 14 Apr 2009] (5)Given, D. R. 1984. Checklist of dicotyledons naturalised in New Zealand 17. Crassulaceae, Escalloniaceae, Philadelphaceae, Grossulariaceae, Limnanthaceae. New Zealand Journal of Botany .22: 191-193

2.05

(1)Widely planted ornamental

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

3.01

(1)Escallonia rubra listed as naturalized in San Francisco county (2)red claws - naturalized [Oregon] (3)listed as naturalized in Ireland...Habitat: damp rocks, walls, querries, railway banks (4)Habitat Introduced-naturalized; planted for hedging and ornament near sea. Distribution Common persistent relic in Southwest England, Wales (mainly South), Man, West Ireland and Channel Islands, also Dunbarton, rarely self-sown; Chile. (5)Escallonia rubra (Ruis et Pav.) Pers. var. macrantha (Hook, et Am.) Reiche escallonia DISTRIBUTION: Mairangi Bay, Auckland; Raetihi, Petone, Karori, Wellington; Westport, Denniston, and Cape Foulwind, Nelson; Ladbrooks, Canterbury; Bluff, Southland; Stewart I.; cliffs, forest margins, and roadsides. FIRST RECORD: Thomson, G. M., "The Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand", p. 409 (1922, as E. macrantha Hook, et Arn.). REGION OF ORIGIN: S America. (6)Escallonia rubra (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. Stereoxylon rubrum Ruiz & Pav. SA (naturalised)

(1)http://natureinthecity.org/Yerba%20Buena%20Island%20Flora-1.pdf [Accessed 14 Apr 2009] (2)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/Faculty/Carr/ofp/esc_rub.htm [Accessed 14 Apr 2009] (3)http://www.biochange.ie/alienplants/result_options.php?species=307&families=Grossulariaceae&blz=1&p=i [Accessed 14 Apr 2009] (4)http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/flora.php?menuentry=soorten&id=2501 [Accessed 14 Apr 2009] (5)Given, D. R. 1984. Checklist of dicotyledons naturalised in New Zealand 17. Crassulaceae, Escalloniaceae, Philadelphaceae, Grossulariaceae, Limnanthaceae. New Zealand Journal of Botany .22: 191-193 (6)http://www.chah.gov.au/chah/apc/interim/Grossulariaceae.pdf [Accessed 14 Apr 2009]

3.02

(1)Escallonia macrantha included in a list of Possibly/Potentially Invasive species

(1)http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/invasive/di1.htm [Accessed 14 Apr 2009]

3.03

(1)Not listed as a weed of agriculture, forestry, or horticulture

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/escallonia_rubra/ [Accessed 14 Apr 2009]

3.04

(1)included in a list of potential and actual environmental weeds for New Zealand [no information on impacts] (2)E. rubra. Occasional localised sites. Becoming common on Cape Foulwind cliffs. [apparently not causing serious environmental impacts yet]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/escallonia_rubra/ [Accessed 14 Apr 2009] (2)Williams, P. A. and L. Hayes. 2007. Emerging Weed Issues for the West Coast Regional Council and Their Prospects for Biocontrol. Landcare Research Contract Report: LC0607/109

3.05

(1)Escallonia bifida listed as a weed [no mention of impacts or control] (2)Escallonia x exoniensis listed as a casual alien and weed of New Zealand [but no evidence of impacts or control efforts found]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/escallonia_bifida/ [Accessed 15 Apr 2009] (2)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/escallonia_exoniensis/ [Accessed 15 Apr 2009]

4.01

(1)a 4-10' tall shrub with hairy, glandular shoots and inflorescence axes; broadly elliptic to obovate leaves 1-3" long and up to 1.75" wide, the margins serrate, the upper side glossy dark green, the underside gland-dotted

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.02

Escallonia and unidentified wood debris in the sediments suggests a shift to locally drier conditions, and the establishment of the present-day fen, densely overgrown by N. antarctica and Escallonia. [no evidence of allelopathic effects found in literature, and will grow with other plants]

(1)Markgraf, V., C. Whitlock and S. Haberle. 2007. Vegetation and fire history during the last 18,000 cal yr B.P. in Southern Patagonia: Mallín Pollux, Coyhaique, Province Aisén (45°41′30″ S, 71°50′30″ W, 640 m elevation). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 254: 492–507.

4.03

(1)a 4-10' tall shrub with hairy, glandular shoots and inflorescence axes; broadly elliptic to obovate leaves 1-3" long and up to 1.75" wide, the margins serrate, the upper side glossy dark green, the underside gland-dotted

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.04

(1)Huemuls spent their foraging time in Fiordo Témpano mostly in Footslope habitat (35%), Forest border (21%), Low elevation bluffs (21%) and Periglacial grassland (20%) (Figure 16). Their diet in Fiordo Témpano exists mainly of two species: Fuchsia magellanica (71%) and Gunnera magellanica (25%). The remaining foraging time is divided between 10 species, mainly shrubs such as Ribes magellanicum, Escallonia sp., Nothofagus antarctica and Berberis buxifolia...Between May and September, quantity still is not a problem, because there are enough species with perennial leaves such as Embrothrium coccineum, Pernettya mucronata, Chusquea sp., Escallonia rubra, Senecio sp. and Notofagus dombeyi. But the nutritional value of these species in winter is much lower than of the species consumed during spring and summer. [palatable to South Andean Deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) or Huemul]

(1)van Winden, J. 2006. Diet and habitat of the huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Bernardo O’ Higgins National Park, Chile. MSc Thesis. NW&S Internal report no. NWS-I-2006-15.

4.05

(1)Huemuls spent their foraging time in Fiordo Témpano mostly in Footslope habitat (35%), Forest border (21%), Low elevation bluffs (21%) and Periglacial grassland (20%) (Figure 16). Their diet in Fiordo Témpano exists mainly of two species: Fuchsia magellanica (71%) and Gunnera magellanica (25%). The remaining foraging time is divided between 10 species, mainly shrubs such as Ribes magellanicum, Escallonia sp., Nothofagus antarctica and Berberis buxifolia...Between May and September, quantity still is not a problem, because there are enough species with perennial leaves such as Embrothrium coccineum, Pernettya mucronata, Chusquea sp., Escallonia rubra, Senecio sp. and Notofagus dombeyi. But the nutritional value of these species in winter is much lower than of the species consumed during spring and summer. [palatable and with no evidence of toxicity in literature]

(1)van Winden, J. 2006. Diet and habitat of the huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Bernardo O’ Higgins National Park, Chile. MSc Thesis. NW&S Internal report no. NWS-I-2006-15.

4.06

(1)No health problems observed.

(1)Gildemeister, H. and Christopher Brickell . 2002. Mediterranean gardening: a waterwise approach. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

4.07

(1)they are not poisonous to pets or kids. [no evidence of toxicity found in genus]

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Escallonia++species [Accessed 15 Apr 2009]

4.08

(1)Non-native, Non-invasive and Fire Resistant Landscaping Plants for Around Homes USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Santa Cruz County, California [includes Escallonia spp.] (2)Escallonia listed among fire-resistant plants (3)Listed as a fire-resistant plant

(1)Non-native, Non-invasive and Fire Resistant Landscaping Plants for Around Homes. http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/PDF/Resources/fireprevention/nonnative_fire_plant_list.pdf [Accessed 14 April 2009[. (2)http://www.rossvalleyfire.org/uploadfiles/Pyrophytic-vs.-Fire-Resistant-Plants.pdf [Accessed 15 Apr 2009] (3)http://www.cityofsanrafael.org/Assets/Fire/Vegetation+Management+Program/Firewise+Privacy+Screens.pdf [Accessed 15 Apr 2009]

4.09

(1)Site Requirements: Sun to partial shade (2)It cannot grow in the shade. It requires dry or moist soil. The plant can tolerate maritime exposure. (3)Light conditions: Fully exposed to the sun. Level areas or slopes facing north. Some shadow. Some protection against direct sunlight, some shadow from vegetation, filtering about 20 - 40 % of light.

(1)http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/shrubs/escallonia_rubra.html [Accessed 14 Apr 2009] (2)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Escallonia+rubra+macrantha [Accessed 14 Apr 2009] (3)http://www.chileflora.com/Florachilena/FloraEnglish/HighResPages/EH0032.htm [Accessed 14 Apr 2009]

4.10

(1)No special requirements for soil, exposure or water (but avoid high alkalinity) [genus description]

(1)Gildemeister, H. and Christopher Brickell . 2002. Mediterranean gardening: a waterwise approach. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

4.11

(1)a 4-10' tall shrub with hairy, glandular shoots and inflorescence axes; broadly elliptic to obovate leaves 1-3" long and up to 1.75" wide, the margins serrate, the upper side glossy dark green, the underside gland-dotted

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.12

Escallonia and unidentified wood debris in the sediments suggests a shift to locally drier conditions, and the establishment of the present-day fen, densely overgrown by N. antarctica and Escallonia. [potentially forms dense thickets with N. antarctica]

(1)Markgraf, V., C. Whitlock and S. Haberle. 2007. Vegetation and fire history during the last 18,000 cal yr B.P. in Southern Patagonia: Mallín Pollux, Coyhaique, Province Aisén (45°41′30″ S, 71°50′30″ W, 640 m elevation). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 254: 492–507.

5.01

(1)a 4-10' tall shrub with hairy, glandular shoots and inflorescence axes; broadly elliptic to obovate leaves 1-3" long and up to 1.75" wide, the margins serrate, the upper side glossy dark green, the underside gland-dotted

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

5.02

(1)Grossulariaceae

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

5.03

(1)Grossulariaceae

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

5.04

(1)a 4-10' tall shrub with hairy, glandular shoots and inflorescence axes; broadly elliptic to obovate leaves 1-3" long and up to 1.75" wide, the margins serrate, the upper side glossy dark green, the underside gland-dotted

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

6.01

(1)No evidence of reproductive failure in native range.

(1)Figueroa, J. A. 2003. Seed germination in temperate rain forest species of southern Chile: chilling and gap-dependency germination. Plant Ecology 166: 227–240.

6.02

(1)Produces viable seed (2)S. America. - Chile. Plants occasionally self-sow in Ireland (3)Type of reproduction: seed

(1)Figueroa, J. A. 2003. Seed germination in temperate rain forest species of southern Chile: chilling and gap-dependency germination. Plant Ecology 166: 227–240. (2)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Escallonia+rubra+macrantha [Accessed 14 Apr 2009] (3)http://www.biochange.ie/alienplants/result_options.php?species=307&families=Grossulariaceae&blz=1&p=r [Accessed 15 Apr 2009]

6.03

(1)Description: This Chilean species has flowers of a deeper color and firmer texture than any other species, and is the dominant parent of most hybrid escallonias. [unknown if natural hybridization occurs]

(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/199800047.html [Accessed 14 Apr 2009]

6.04

(1)The scented flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs). [other species of Escallonia self-compatible, but unknown for E. rubra] (2)Table 12.3. Escallonia rosea described as totally self-compatible

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Escallonia+rubra+macrantha [Accessed 14 Apr 2009] (2)Lawford, R. G., P. B. Alaback and E. Fuentes. 1996. High-latitude rainforests and associated ecosystems of the West Coast of the Americas: climate, hydrology, ecology, and conservation. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.

6.05

(1)Table 1. Ornithophilous plant species present in each of the three localities of the temperate forest of southern South America. Information on the flowering period observed at each site is included. [includes Escallonia rubra (Escaloniaceae)] (2)This fast-growing evergreen has glossy dark green leaves bearing clusters of red flowers, much visited by bees. [but no indication that they are effective pollinators] (3)Table 2. Flower type listed as adapted for hummingbirds [although other birds may also pollinate flowers] (4)Flowers attract hummingbirds (5)In addition, a few fly and moth visits were also recorded for Escallonia specimens planted at the CONAF gardens, but no visitors other than hummingbirds were ever observed on the flowers of plants in situ

(1)Aizen, M. A. and D. P. Vazquez. 2006. Flowering phenologies of hummingbird plants from the temperate forest of southern South America: is there evidence of competitive displacement? ECOGRAPHY 29: 357 366. (2)Coombs, D., P. Blackburne-Maze, M. Cracknell, and R. Bentley. 2001. The Complete Book of Pruning. Sterling Publishing Company. New York, NY. (3)Chalcoff, V. R., M. A. Aizen and L. Galetto. 2006. Nectar Concentration and Composition of 26 Species from the Temperate Forest of South America. Annals of Botany 97: 413–421. (4)http://www.redwoodbarn.com/DE_hedges.htm [Accessed 15 Apr 2009] (5)Anderson, G. J., G. Bernardello, T. F. Stuessy and D. J. Crawford. 2001. Breeding System and Pollination of Selected Plants Endemic to Juan Fernández Islands. American Journal of Botany 88: 220-233.

6.06

(1)Propagation: cuttings, self-layering, suckers, division of older clumps (cut back). [no other indication of how far this plant may spread by suckering]

(1)Gildemeister, H. and Christopher Brickell . 2002. Mediterranean gardening: a waterwise approach. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

6.07

(1)fast-growing evergreen [woody perennial probably flowers after 2-3 years] (2)These fast-growing evergreen shrubs make dense, moundlike screens, windbreaks and hedges.

(1)Coombs, D., P. Blackburne-Maze, M. Cracknell, and R. Bentley. 2001. The Complete Book of Pruning. Sterling Publishing Company. New York, NY. (2)http://www.sunnygardens.com/garden_plants/escallonia/escallonia_1120.php [Accessed 14 Apr 2009]

7.01

(1)Seed mass = L (light); Dispersal syndrome O = other (mainly anemochorous, hydrochorous, multiple, passive) [Table A1. unknown if small seeds could be tracked in mud, but possible]

(1)Figueroa, J. A. 2003. Seed germination in temperate rain forest species of southern Chile: chilling and gap-dependency germination. Plant Ecology 166: 227–240.

7.02

(1)Escallonia rubra var. macrantha is a vigorous, large shrub up to 10 ft (3 m) tall with succulent, glossy leaves and tight clusters of white to pink and sometimes crimson flowers. [ornamental]

(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/199800047.html [Accessed 14 Apr 2009]

7.03

(1)No indication that this plant is used for anything other than an ornamental plant [not grown with produce or used in floral arrangements]

(1)Wiersema, J. H. and B. León. 1999. World economic plants: a standard reference. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

7.04

(1)Listed as possessing dust-like diaspores that may be carried by wind, water, or on animal bodies

(1)Armesto, J. J. and R. Rozzi. 1989. Seed Dispersal Syndromes in the Rain Forest of Chiloe: Evidence for the Importance of Biotic Dispersal in a Temperate Rain Forest. Journal of Biogeography 16(3): 219-226.

7.05

(1)Listed as possessing dust-like diaspores that may be carried by wind, water, or on animal bodies

(1)Armesto, J. J. and R. Rozzi. 1989. Seed Dispersal Syndromes in the Rain Forest of Chiloe: Evidence for the Importance of Biotic Dispersal in a Temperate Rain Forest. Journal of Biogeography 16(3): 219-226.

7.06

(1)Seed mass = L (light); Dispersal syndrome O = other (mainly anemochorous, hydrochorous, multiple, passive) [Table A1]

(1)Figueroa, J. A. 2003. Seed germination in temperate rain forest species of southern Chile: chilling and gap-dependency germination. Plant Ecology 166: 227–240.

7.07

(1)Listed as possessing dust-like diaspores that may be carried by wind, water, or on animal bodies

(1)Armesto, J. J. and R. Rozzi. 1989. Seed Dispersal Syndromes in the Rain Forest of Chiloe: Evidence for the Importance of Biotic Dispersal in a Temperate Rain Forest. Journal of Biogeography 16(3): 219-226.

7.08

(1)Fruit type: capsule [dry capsule unlikely to be ingested]

(1)http://www.biochange.ie/alienplants/result_options.php?species=307&families=Grossulariaceae&p=r&blz=1 [Accessed 15 Apr 2009]

8.01

Unknown [seed production in cultivation may be limited due to specialized pollination requirements. See 6.05]

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown [no information on control of Escallonia spp.]

8.04

(1)Pinching of the shoot tips, coupled with an annual pruning that removes as much as a third of the crown, helps to shape the shrub and remove dead or crowded branches, while simultaneously inducing new growth that bears flowers. [tolerates heavy pruning]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

8.05

Unknown