Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Eranthemum pulchellum Andr. (Eranthemum nervosum, blue sage)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)Eranthemum pulchellum (syn. Eranthemum nervosum), a long-flowering, 1.3m tall, evergreen shrub native to India but widely naturalised in the tropics. It is sometimes used as a house or greenhouse plant. [could find no conclusive evidence of naturalization in tropics] (2)Only vouchered specimen from Florida was collected in Pinellas county (3)Ornamental shrub, sometimes escaping [Jamaica] (4)Cultivated in south Florida and maybe locally escaped

(1)http://www.hortiphoto.com/details.php?image_id=740 (2)http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/source.asp?plantID=477 (3)Adams, C.D. 1970. Flowering plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies Press, Mona. (4)Long, R.W. and Lakela, O. 1971. A flora of tropical south Florida. University of Miami press, Coral Gables.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

This sub-shrub, a native of India

http://plantsdatabase.com/go/60373/

2.02

Eranthemum pulchellum (syn. Eranthemum nervosum), a long-flowering, 1.3m tall, evergreen shrub native to India but widely naturalised in the tropics. It is sometimes used as a house or greenhouse plant.

http://www.hortiphoto.com/details.php?image_id=740

2.03

(1)Hardiness:
USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4° C (15° F)
USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6° C (20° F)
USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8° C (25° F)
USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1°C (30° F)
USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7° C (35° F) (2) Salt Spray Tolerant

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/60373/ (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG035

2.04

Eranthemum pulchellum (syn. Eranthemum nervosum), a long-flowering, 1.3m tall, evergreen shrub native to India but widely naturalised in the tropics. It is sometimes used as a house or greenhouse plant.

http://www.hortiphoto.com/details.php?image_id=740

2.05

(1)Introduced to the U.S. (2)Eranthemum pulchellum (syn. Eranthemum nervosum), a long-flowering, 1.3m tall, evergreen shrub native to India but widely naturalised in the tropics. It is sometimes used as a house or greenhouse plant. (3)cultivated elsewhere (4)Australia

(1)http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=ERPU18 (2)http://www.hortiphoto.com/details.php?image_id=740 (3)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Eranthemum+pulchellum (40http://www.bayside-localnet.com.au/paradise/website/stock.htm

3.01

(1)Eranthemum pulchellum (syn. Eranthemum nervosum), a long-flowering, 1.3m tall, evergreen shrub native to India but widely naturalised in the tropics. It is sometimes used as a house or greenhouse plant. [could find no conclusive evidence of naturalization in tropics] (2)Only vouchered specimen from Florida was collected in Pinellas county (3)Ornamental shrub, sometimes escaping [Jamaica] (4)Cultivated in south Florida and maybe locally escaped

(1)http://www.hortiphoto.com/details.php?image_id=740 (2)http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/source.asp?plantID=477 (3)Adams, C.D. 1970. Flowering plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies Press, Mona. (4)Long, R.W. and Lakela, O. 1971. A flora of tropical south Florida. University of Miami press, Coral Gables.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

Invasive potential: not known to be invasive

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:I8kPp3XrTkQJ:hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/ERAPULA.PDF+Eranthemum+pulchellum&hl=en

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence of such structures.

http://plantsdatabase.com/go/60373/

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No evidence

4.05

No evidence

4.06

Corynespora cassiicola: FL - 8450 was listed to be associated with E. pulchellum. [generalist]

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

evergreen shrub in moist environments

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:I8kPp3XrTkQJ:hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/ERAPULA.PDF+Eranthemum+pulchellum&hl=en

4.09

(1)Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade Light Shade Partial to Full Shade … is quite happy in bright shade. (2)Light requirement: plant grows in the shade

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/60373/ (2)http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:I8kPp3XrTkQJ:hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/ERAPULA.PDF+Eranthemum+pulchellum&hl=en

4.1

(1)It likes rich, loose, humusy soil and prefers to not dry out. (2)Soil tolerances: acidic; sand; loam; clay

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/60373/ (2)http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:I8kPp3XrTkQJ:hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/ERAPULA.PDF+Eranthemum+pulchellum&hl=en

4.11

Not a climber. Spreading evergreen shrub, fast growing to 4 to 6 feet tall (1.8 m), 1 to 4 feet wide (30-120 cm); ovate, small toothed, dark green leaves with white veins.

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Acanthaceae/Eranthemum_pulchellum.html

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Spreading evergreen shrub, fast growing to 4 to 6 feet tall (1.8 m), 1 to 4 feet wide (30-120 cm); ovate, small toothed, dark green leaves with white veins.

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Acanthaceae/Eranthemum_pulchellum.html

5.02

Acanthaceae

5.03

Acanthaceae

5.04

No evidence

6.01

No evidence

6.02

"was first received in seeds from Dr. Roxburg, at the Royal gardens Kew, in 1796. " [introduced to Missouri Botanical Garden in seeds, but this was the only record of propagation by seeds; seeds not offered for sale, propagation of cultivated plants is by cuttings, including root sprouts]

http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?onda=N50039518

6.03

No evidence

6.04

No evidence

6.05

(1)Probably not - photo of flowers. (2)butterflies not attracted (3) attracts insects (4)It has bright blue flowers and attracts zebra, julia and gulf fritillary butterflys.

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/showpicture/36729/ (2)http://www.naba.org/pubs/bgh/wcfl.html (3)http://www.zoo.org.au/horticulture/imagedir/exoticplants_wild.PDF (4)http://www.gallowayfarm.com/Education/

6.06

(1)Spreads by roots, but not aggressive. (2) The roots sprouted where they were exposed.

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/60373/ (2)http://www.californiagardens.com/Plant_Pages/eranthemum_pulchellum.htm

6.07

small shrub < 2 m [minimum estimate for a small shrub]

http://coop.co.pinellas.fl.us/fyn/publications/K-PERENN.htm

7.01

Seeds ejected -- may be spread accidentally along roadsides or trailsides?

7.02

Nice plant to add interest to the late fall garden.

http://plantsdatabase.com/go/60373/

7.03

No products

7.04

"The fruit is commonly an elastically dehiscent loculicidal capsule. The seed stalk or funiculus of each seed is modified into a hook shaped jaculator or retinaculum that functions in flinging out the seeds during dehiscence. "
[character of the family]

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/vascular/acanth.htm

7.05

No evidence to indicate this is likely

7.06

Probably not - Fruit shape: ovalFruit length: less than .5 inchFruit cover: dry or hardFruit color: brownFruit characteristic: inconspicuous and not showy

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:I8kPp3XrTkQJ:hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/ERAPULA.PDF+Eranthemum+pulchellum&hl=en

7.07

No means of attachment

7.08

Fruit cover: dry or hardFruit color: brownFruit characteristic: inconspicuous and not showy [ejected seeds, no evidence that they are consumed

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:I8kPp3XrTkQJ:hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/ERAPULA.PDF+Eranthemum+pulchellum&hl=en

8.01

Fruit shape: ovalFruit length: less than .5 inchFruit cover: dry or hardFruit color: brownFruit characteristic: inconspicuous and not showy - Take softwood cuttings to propagate Blue Sage. [propagation is vegetative, could not find evidence of seeds for sale or propagation by seeds]

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:I8kPp3XrTkQJ:hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/ERAPULA.PDF+Eranthemum+pulchellum&hl=en

8.02

No evidence regarding seedbank

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

(1)Eranthemum pulchellumwill produce more blooms and remain compact if the plant isseverely cut back after flowering. Cut the plant to the groundafter frost; new shoots will appear when the weather getswarm. (2)It survived my dog digging a pit in the middle of the clump

(1)http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:I8kPp3XrTkQJ:hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/ERAPULA.PDF+Eranthemum+pulchellum&hl=en (2)http://www.californiagardens.com/Plant_Pages/eranthemum_pulchellum.htm

8.05