Elaeocarpus hainanensis Oliver. Family - Elaeocarpaceae. Common Names(s) - Hainan Elaeocarpus, Ceylon Olive, Water rock banyan, water willow. Synonym(s) - .

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Endemic to Hainan Island, common in forests of steep valleys; cultivated in Hong Kong… (2)Hainan has a tropical moist monsoonal climate. Its annual temperature change is less than 15 degrees Celsius. (3)Distribution: province Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan Distribution: adjacent countries Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong. (2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan#Climate [Accessed 17 Feb 2009] (3)http://flora.huh.harvard.edu:8080/actkey/taxon_view.jsp?taxonGroupId=364&taxonNo=3&setId=3640 [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

2.02

(1)Endemic to Hainan Island, common in forests of steep valleys; cultivated in Hong Kong… (2)Hainan has a tropical moist monsoonal climate. Its annual temperature change is less than 15 degrees Celsius.

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong. (2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan#Climate [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

2.03

(1)Endemic to Hainan Island, common in forests of steep valleys; cultivated in Hong Kong… (2)Hainan has a tropical moist monsoonal climate. Its annual temperature change is less than 15 degrees Celsius. (3)Distribution: elevation 200-500 m

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong. (2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan#Climate [Accessed 17 Feb 2009] (3)http://flora.huh.harvard.edu:8080/actkey/taxon_view.jsp?taxonGroupId=364&taxonNo=3&setId=3640 [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

2.04

(1)Endemic to Hainan Island, common in forests of steep valleys; cultivated in Hong Kong…

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong.

2.05

(1)cultivated in Hong Kong (2)the British could hardly be called purist in these decades. They assimilated into Hong Kong great amounts of tree life from wherever it could be found, either in the Empire or not. Frequently introduced species from China included the Hainan oil-fruit tree (Elaeocarpus hainanensis) from Hainan Island in southern China – which at that time was closely connected with France. [no indication that this tree has been planted much outside of China]

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong. (2)http://www.brucedalbrack.com/opinion004.htm [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

3.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamee.htm [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamee.htm [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamee.htm [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamee.htm [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

3.05

(1)Elaeocarpus angustifolius [=grandis] (sapatua, siapoatua, siapatua, blue fig, blue marble tree, quandong), a native of Australia, is a forestry tree that is invading intact and secondary forests in Samoa. [negative impacts, if any, unknown]

(1)Space, J. C. and T. Flynn. 2002. Report to the Government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu.

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong.

4.02

(1)No evidence from family

(1)Kubitzki, K. 1990. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1)No evidence of toxicity from family

(1)Kubitzki, K. 1990. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)Fruits of the size of Canarium, eaten in Hainan Island. [a food plant with no evidence of toxicity mentioned]

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong.

4.08

(1)Moist places, streamsides; 200–500 m. Guangdong, S Guangxi, Hainan, SE Yunnan [Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam]. [no evidence, and unlikely given moist environment]

(1)http://www.foc.org/china/mss/volume12/Elaeocarpaceae.pdf [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

4.09

(1)light requirement, but can endure overcast in juvenile [young plants can tolerate "overcast" or shaded conditions]

(1)Guangdong Academy of Forestry.2008. The Study and Demonstration of the Management of Secondary Forests in Tropical Regions for the Purpose of Enhancing Economic and Ecological Benefits. Final Technical Report (Phase 1). Guangzhou, China. Available from http://www.tree-breeding-gaf.com/upload/20081006165831_6e9df84ce3a9b1ff176ea3717ea452c75885.pdf [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

4.10

(1)pH value of soil: 5 – 6 [no other information found about soil type or preference]

(1)http://hk.geocities.com/tkp_tree/Elaeocarpus_hainanensis.htm [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

4.11

(1)Small trees

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong.

4.12

no evidence

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong.

5.02

(1)Elaeocarpaceae

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong.

5.03

(1)Elaeocarpaceae

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong.

5.04

(1)Small trees

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong.

6.02

(1)drupes ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long, 8-12 mm across, glabrous. (2)Fruit is a berry with oily pulp.Large, hard stone containing one to five seeds.

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong. (2)http://hk.geocities.com/tkp_tree/Elaeocarpus_hainanensis.htm [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1)Flowers: sexuality bisexual [self-compatibility unknown, see Reference 2] (2)In some species of Elaeocarpus, fruits which are apparently perfect may contain no seeds. Whether there are barriers to self-pollination seems to be unknown.

(1)http://flora.huh.harvard.edu:8080/actkey/taxon_view.jsp?taxonGroupId=364&taxonNo=3&setId=3640 [Accessed 17 Feb 2009] (2)Kubitzki, K. 1990. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

6.05

(1)Very few observations have been made on pollination of Elaeocarpaceae…The rest appear to be entomophilous; thrips have been found in flowers. It is currently assumed that the majority at least are adapted to "buzz-pollination"

(1)Kubitzki, K. 1990. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

6.06

(1)No evidence that Elaeocarpus spp. Can reproduce by vegetative fragmentation.

(1)Kubitzki, K. 1990. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

6.07

Unknown [no information on growth rate found]

7.01

(1)drupes ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long, 8-12 mm across, glabrous [no means of external attachment]. (2)Fruit is a berry with oily pulp.Large, hard stone containing one to five seeds.

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong. (2)http://hk.geocities.com/tkp_tree/Elaeocarpus_hainanensis.htm [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

7.02

(1)cultivated as an ornamental and for edible fruit

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong.

7.03

(1)drupes ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long, 8-12 mm across, glabrous. [no evidence, and unlikely, given relatively large size of fruit with few seeds] (2)Fruit is a berry with oily pulp.Large, hard stone containing one to five seeds. (3)Seed: length 20 mm

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong. (2)http://hk.geocities.com/tkp_tree/Elaeocarpus_hainanensis.htm [Accessed 17 Feb 2009] (3)http://flora.huh.harvard.edu:8080/actkey/taxon_view.jsp?taxonGroupId=364&taxonNo=3&setId=3640 [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

7.04

(1)drupes ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long, 8-12 mm across, glabrous. (2)Fruit is a berry with oily pulp. Large, hard stone containing one to five seeds.

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong. (2)http://hk.geocities.com/tkp_tree/Elaeocarpus_hainanensis.htm [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

7.05

(1)Moist places, streamsides; 200–500 m. Guangdong, S Guangxi, Hainan, SE Yunnan [Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam]. [propagules potentially water dispersed] (2)Plants typical of low alluvial river valleys form another distinct group of species, that include trees (Allospondias lakonensis), shrubs (Adina pilulifera, Elaeocarpus hainanensis) and herbaceous species (Athyrium mackinnonii, Diplazium subsinuatum, Donax cannaeformis, Lindsaea lucida, Tacca plantaginea).

(1)http://www.foc.org/china/mss/volume12/Elaeocarpaceae.pdf [Accessed 17 Feb 2009] (2)Leonid V. Averyanov, L.V., Phan Ke Loc, Nguyen Tien Vinh, Tran Minh Duc, Ngo Tri Dung, Duong Van Thanh, Le Thai Hung, Nguyen Tien Hiep, Pham Van The, Averyanova A.L and Regalado, J. 2006. An Assessment of the Flora of the Green Corridor Forest Landscape, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam. Report No 1: Part One. Green Corridor Project, WWF Greater Mekong & Vietnam Country Programme and FPD Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam.

7.06

(1)drupes ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long, 8-12 mm across, glabrous. (2)Fruit is a berry with oily pulp.Large, hard stone containing one to five seeds. (3)Drupes of some Elaeocarpus and Aceratium are known to be dispersed by birds...

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong. (2)http://hk.geocities.com/tkp_tree/Elaeocarpus_hainanensis.htm [Accessed 17 Feb 2009] (3)Kubitzki, K. 1990. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

7.07

[related species E. angustifolius seeds are carried away by mammals and cached] (1)p.55 Table 0. "Dispersal vector: mammal" (no information on whether the seeds are carried externally) (2)Rats also appear to cache the endocarps [and presumably secondarily disperse some] (3)Abstract: Tropical forests around the world contain animals that scatter-hoard fruits and seeds but few are known in Australian tropical forests. This study used both direct observation and spool-and-line tracking of simulated fruits to demonstrate that Australia’s smallest kangaroos disperse large numbers of rain-forest fruits and seeds. They did so in two ways, either by scatter-hoarding or by carrying them away from the source to devour the flesh before dropping the seed on to the litter surface. The fruits used included a range of fruit types but particularly species with large fleshy fruit. Caches occurred as a single fruit pressed into the soil and covered with litter a mean distance of 17 m (± 2.7 SE) and up to 68 m from the source. Musky rat-kangaroos handled up to 2700 fruits ha−1 mo−1 and they dispersed up to 900 fruits ha−1 mo−1 and cached up to 690 fruits ha−1 mo−1. This behaviour is a significant example of convergent evolution, which reflects similar behaviour found in agoutis, acouchies and squirrels on other continents....Table 1. A list of the plants, including dimensions and weight, whose fruit have been seen being dispersed by musky rat-kangaroos. [includes Elaeocarpus grandis F. Muel.]

(1)Osunkoya, O. O. (1994) Postdispersal survivorship of north Queensland rainforest seeds and fruits: effects of forest, habitat and species. Australian Journal of Ecology, 1994, Vol.19, No.1, pp.52-64, 48 ref. (2)Daehler, C. C. and R. F. 2006. New records of naturalized and naturalizing plants around Lyon Arboretum, Mānoa Valley, O‘ahu. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2004-2005. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 87:3-18. (3)Dennis, A.J. 2003. Scatter-hoarding by musky rat-kangaroos, Hypsiprymnodon moschatus, a tropical rain-forest marsupial from Australia: implications for seed dispersal. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19:619–627.

7.08

(1)drupes ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long, 8-12 mm across, glabrous [fleshy-fruited tree adapted for bird and possibly mammal disperal]. (2)Fruit is a berry with oily pulp.Large, hard stone containing one to five seeds.

(1)Hu, S-Y. 2005. Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong. (2)http://hk.geocities.com/tkp_tree/Elaeocarpus_hainanensis.htm [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

8.01

(1)Seeds usually 1 per locule, with fleshy endosperm; [genus description]...Drupe spindleshaped, 4–5 cm, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., both ends acuminate; endocarp hard, lacunose, 1-loculed. Seeds ca. 2 cm. [relatively large seeds with few per fruit]

(1)http://www.foc.org/china/mss/volume12/Elaeocarpaceae.pdf [Accessed 17 Feb 2009]

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown