Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Dypsis lutescens (syn. Chrysalidocarpus lutescens); yellow butterfly palm, areca palm

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

2

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

(1) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405626 (09 October 2003)
(2) http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~scofield/sofl_plants/exotic_potential.html
(3) A Draft list of Species Reported Alien to the Caribbean. http://www.cabi-bioscience.org/Html/Table1.pdf (4)http://palmdoctor.com/Palm_0f_The_Month/Dypsis_lutescens.htm

(1) "naturalized elsewhere"
(2) " The Areca Palm and its relatives are very common screening and cluster plants in South Florida. Farther north Areca Palm is a common houseplant. They occasionally appear in the wild. "
(3) "The species listed are those reported to be established in the wild in marine, freshwater or terrestrial habitats." (4)naturalized in Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean Basin, in the 1700's

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405626 (09 October 2003)

Native Distributional range:
Africa: Madagascar [e.]
Other: naturalized elsewhere

2.02

2.03

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0451e/X0451e09.htm

(1)Hardiness Range 10A to 11 (2)Endemic to East coast of Madagascar

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405626 (09 October 2003)

Native Distributional range:
Africa: Madagascar [e.]
Other: naturalized elsewhere

2.05

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p. 123

"native to Madagascar, where it is rare, but is one of the most popular oramental palm in the tropics, where it is widely cultivated"

3.01

(1) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405626 (09 October 2003)
(2) http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~scofield/sofl_plants/exotic_potential.html
(3) A Draft list of Species Reported Alien to the Caribbean. http://www.cabi-bioscience.org/Html/Table1.pdf (4)http://palmdoctor.com/Palm_0f_The_Month/Dypsis_lutescens.htm

(1) "naturalized elsewhere"
(2) " The Areca Palm and its relatives are very common screening and cluster plants in South Florida. Farther north Areca Palm is a common houseplant. They occasionally appear in the wild. "
(3) "The species listed are those reported to be established in the wild in marine, freshwater or terrestrial habitats." (4)naturalized in Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean Basin, in the 1700's

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p. 123

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

(1)Oviedo, P. G.; Cúndom, M. A.; Castañón, M. A. M. de (2001) Leaf spot of the areca palm (Dypsis lutescens ) in the northeast of Argentina. [FT: Mancha foliar de la palmera areca-bambu (Dypsis lutescens ) en el nordeste de Argentina.] Summa Phytopathologica, 2001, Vol.27, No.1, pp.63-65, 7 ref.
(2)http://www.apsnet.org/pd/abstracts/1997/dma97ab.htm

(1)AB: The aetiology of necrotic spots that usually affect D. lutescens (areca palm) leaves in Argentina was determined. Samples were collected from Corrientes and Resistencia cities. Using common laboratory techniques, a fungus belonging to the genus Bipolaris was isolated. Pathogenicity tests revealed Bipolaris setariae as the causal organism of leaf spot disease in areca palm. This is thought to be the first report of leaf spot in D. lutescens in Argentina.
[Bipolaris setariae infect crops of Poaceae such as Oryza sativa, Saccharum officinarum, Zea mays] (2)Comparative Morphology and Pathology of Calonectria theae and C. colhounii in Hawaii. J. Y. Uchida, Associate Professor, and M. Aragaki, Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96822. Plant Dis. 81:298-300. Accepted for publication 12 December 1996. Copyright 1997 The America

4.07

no evidence

4.08

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:o2nO1dIkgYYJ:hort.ifas.ufl.edu
/trees/chrluta.pdf+Chrysalidocarpus+lutescens+evergreen&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

no evidence An evergreen palm - probably not.

4.09

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://palmdoctor.com/Palm_0f_The_Month/Dypsis_lutescens.htm

(1)Exposure Full shade to full sun (2)Tolerant of rather dense shade on patios or Florida rooms.

4.1

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-8. (2)http://palmdoctor.com/Palm_0f_The_Month/Dypsis_lutescens.htm

(1)Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, tolerates salt, somewhat drought tolerant, tolerates wetness (2)Soil Requirements: Widely adaptable

4.11

clump-growing palm

4.12

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/chrluta.pdf

"clump-growing palm" [has potential to form thickets but in natural habitats self-thinning of shoots seems to prevent this. Thicket formation is encouraged by humans cutting the larger shoots]

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

palm; Arecaeae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

palm

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Maciel de Sousa, N. (1995) Effects of the maturity, storage and fermentation of the fruit on emergence in areca palm (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens ). [FT: Efectos de la madurez, almacenamiento y fermentación del fruto sobre la emergencia en la palma areca (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens ). ] ED: Campbell, R. J. Proceedings of the Interamerican Society for Tropical Horticulture, 1995, Vol.39, pp.69-73, 6 ref.

AB: "Emergence was >70% in seeds from orange fruits soaked for up to 4 days, regardless of storage duration. Emergence in seeds from green fruits was only half that of seeds from orange fruits. In green fruits, emergence was much greater following storage for 5 or 7 days than following storage for 0 or 3 days and in the fruits stored for 5 or 7 days emergence was lower following soaking for 7 days than following soaking for shorter durations. '

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

(1) Maciel, N. (1998) Flowering, fruiting and seed production in areca palm (Dypsis lutescens ). [FT: Floración, frutificación y producción de semillas de la palma areca (Dypsis lutescens ).] ED: Crane, J. H. Proceedings of the Interamerican Society for Tropical Horticulture, 1998, Vol.42, pp.82-86, 9 ref.
(2) Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p. 123 (3)http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00207.x/abs/

(1) "The female flower located between 2 male flowers (in triads, 2 lateral males and one central female) showed anthesis 2 weeks after the male flower."
(2) "flowers many, unisexual, in large axillary panicles to 80 cm long. Corolla of three yellow-green petals about 3 mm long." (3) '...Female (pistillate) flowers in Dypsis are syncarpous, normally pseudomonomerous (as in many other Arecoideae), and possess septal nectaries that effectively delimit the carpel margins and indicate insect pollination...' [visited by bees]

6.06

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/chrluta.pdf

"clump-growing palm"; "propagate by seeds or division" [forms tight vegetative clumps but does not naturally fragement]

6.07

http://palmdoctor.com/Palm_0f_The_Month/Dypsis_lutescens.htm

Rate of Growth: Quick [but simulaneously allocates growth to multiple shoots, which would increase time needed to flower]

7.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p. 123

"Fruit an ovoid yellow to violet-black drupe usuallu 1.5-2 cm long." [probably not, relatively large fruit]

7.02

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p. 123

"native to Madagascar, where it is rare, but is one of the most popular oramental palm in the tropics, where it is widely cultivated"

7.03

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p. 123

Relatively large seeds. ' "Fruit an ovoid yellow to violet-black drupe usuallu 1.5-2 cm long."

7.04

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p. 123

"Fruit an ovoid yellow to violet-black drupe usuallu 1.5-2 cm long."

7.05

no evidence

7.06

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p. 123

"Fruit an ovoid yellow to violet-black drupe usuallu 1.5-2 cm long."

7.07

no evidence of any means of attachment structure on seed

7.08

(1) based on dispersal syndrome of fruits (2) http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/op65.pdf

bird-dispersed (2) "spread by rats?" [doubtful - rat = efficient predator of palm seeds]

8.01

(1) Maciel, N. (1998) Flowering, fruiting and seed production in areca palm (Dypsis lutescens ). [FT: Floración, frutificación y producción de semillas de la palma areca (Dypsis lutescens ).] ED: Crane, J. H. Proceedings of the Interamerican Society for Tropical Horticulture, 1998, Vol.42, pp.82-86, 9 ref.
(2) http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/chrluta.pdf

AB: Systematic observations on flowering, fruit development and parameters related to seed production were made over 20 months on 70 adult individuals belonging to 7 clumps of Dypsis lutescens [Chrysalidocarpus lutescens ] cultivated in a landscaped area of the University at Barquisimeto, Venezuela. The female flower located between 2 male flowers (in triads, 2 lateral males and one central female) showed anthesis 2 weeks after the male flower. The fruits reached physiological maturity 8.5 plus or minus 1.5 weeks after anthesis, and harvesting stage (yellow-green colour) at 11.3 plus or minus 1.5 weeks. Fruit colour was orange (overripe) 2 weeks later. The fruiting panicle's main rachis measured 81 plus or minus 11 cm and each panicle bore 2137 plus or minus 948 fruits, with about 1.5 kg of seeds. During the period of study, a total of 202 fruiting panicles were produced. Although fruiting occurred through all months of the year, peaks in production were observed.  [(2137 seeds/panicle) x (202 seeds/panicle

8.02

Sento, T. (1972) Studies on seed germination in palms. V. Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, Mascarena verschaffeltii and Phoenix dactylifera. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1972, Vol.41, No.1, pp.76-82, 4 ref.

AB: "Chrysalidocarpus seeds dried very readily and lost their viability in 2 months"

8.03

Broschat, T. K.; Donselman, H. (1987) Phytotoxicity of three pre-emergent herbicides on four species of palm seedlings. Foliage Digest, 1987, Vol.10, No.1, pp.5-6, 2 ref.

AB: Seedlings of Carpentaria acuminata, Chamaedorea elegans, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens and Ptychosperma elegans, with 2-3 leaves, were transplanted into 4-inch plastic containers and 6 weeks later the herbicides were applied at 0, 1, 2 or 4 times the recommended rate. Of the 3 herbicides, only oxadiazon as Ronstar, at rates up to 6.26 lbs/100 ft2 (twice the recommended rate), was safe on all species.

8.04

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

(1)Root balls of field grown nursery plants or on palms dug and moved in the landscape should be as large as possible for best survival and health following transplanting. If the root ball is only slightly wider than the trunk, it is probably too small. Be sure they are dug deep enough because, unlike woody trees and shrubs, palm roots grow down and out under the trunk. Palms that receive little water following transplanting often perform best when most leaves are removed. Those receiving regular irrigation following planting establish quickest when all leaves remain on the palm. [probabaly not, need special care after transplant] Established plants quickly resprout new shoots after cutting down to the base

8.05

no evidence