Dolichandrone spathacea (L. f.) K. Schum. Family - Bignoniaceae . Common Names(s) - mangrove trumpet-tree, Pata, tangas, tanhas, tanghas, tewi, tiwi, tua, tui. Synonym(s) -Bignonia spathacea L. f., Dolichandrone rheedii (Spreng.) Seem., Bignonia longissima Lour., Spathodea luzonica Blanco, Spathodea rheedii Wall.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

-1

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4+

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-5

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

(1) van Stenis, C.G.G.J. 1977. Bignoniaceae. Flora of Malesiana. Ser. 1 vol. 8 (2):114-186.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to: Asia-Tropical. Indian Subcontinent: India, Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; Malesia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea. Pacific. Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?14450#dist [Accessed 2008 Nov 17].

2.02

(1) Native to: Asia-Tropical. Indian Subcontinent: India, Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; Malesia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea. Pacific. Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?14450#dist [Accessed 2008 Nov 17].

2.03

(1) USDA Zones: 10-11

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=WxW4Scq6kU8C&pg=PA137&lpg=PA137&dq=
Dolichandrone+spathacea+%2B+%22seed%22&source=bl&ots=8eA9AgbehW&sig=
zn5SJM6WV0rv9xzMCPkDsAjkOZI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result [Accessed 2008 Nov 18].

2.04

(1) Native to: Asia-Tropical. Indian Subcontinent: India, Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; Malesia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea. Pacific. Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?14450#dist [Accessed 2008 Nov 17].

2.05

No evidence

3.01

No evidence

3.02

No evidence in literature

3.03

No evidence in literature

3.04

No evidence in literature

3.05

No evidence in literature

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, burrs

(1) van Stenis, C.G.G.J. 1977. Bignoniaceae. Flora of Malesiana. Ser. 1 vol. 8 (2):114-186.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Unknown

4.05

No evidence

4.06

No evidence

4.07

(1) Leaves and fruit are used as a substitute for betel leaves in chewing.

(1) van Stenis, C.G.G.J. 1977. Bignoniaceae. Flora of Malesiana. Ser. 1 vol. 8 (2):114-186.

4.08

(1) Swampy, brackish, inner mangrove habitat.

(1) van Stenis, C.G.G.J. 1977. Bignoniaceae. Flora of Malesiana. Ser. 1 vol. 8 (2):114-186.

4.09

Unknown

4.10

(1) Ecologically confined to the back-mangrove and banks of tidal rivers and estuaries. Common in low-lying rice-fields.

(1) van Stenis, C.G.G.J. 1977. Bignoniaceae. Flora of Malesiana. Ser. 1 vol. 8 (2):114-186.

4.11

(1) Large tree

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1) Large tree

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.02

(1) Bignoniaceae

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.03

(1) Bignoniaceae family does not fix nitrogen.

(1) http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Nitrogen-fixation

5.04

(1) Large tree

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

6.01

(1) No evidence

(1) van Stenis, C.G.G.J. 1977. Bignoniaceae. Flora of Malesiana. Ser. 1 vol. 8 (2):114-186.

6.02

Unknown

6.03

(1) No evidence

(1) van Stenis, C.G.G.J. 1977. Bignoniaceae. Flora of Malesiana. Ser. 1 vol. 8 (2):114-186.

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1) Dolichandrone sp. have nocturnal, very fragrant flowers with abundant honey, pale or white, long-tubed or salver-shaped corollas. Flowers open at dusk and drop before sunrise; they must be pollinated by hawkmoths. D. spathacea corolla tube 12-18 cm long.

(1) van Stenis, C.G.G.J. 1977. Bignoniaceae. Flora of Malesiana. Ser. 1 vol. 8 (2):114-186.

6.06

Unknown

6.07

(1) Large tree

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.01

Not likely (1) Seeds 12-18 by 6-8 mm. Riparian, swampy, coastal habitat.

(1) van Stenis, C.G.G.J. 1977. Bignoniaceae. Flora of Malesiana. Ser. 1 vol. 8 (2):114-186.

7.02

No evidence

7.03

(1) Not an economic product.

7.04

(1) The seeds of D. spathacea have short opaque wings of a spongy texture and are worse adapted for transport over long distances by wind and better adapted for transport in ocean currents. (2) Wind dispersal is not as effective as one may expect. Bignoniaceae are found all along the West Pacific but are almost absent from the oceanic islands. D. spathacea have thickish corky wings instead of flimsy wings.

(1) http://mangrove.nus.edu.sg/guidebooks/text/1058.htm [Accessed 2008 Nov 17]. (2)van Stenis, C.G.G.J. 1977. Bignoniaceae. Flora of Malesiana. Ser. 1 vol. 8 (2):114-186.

7.05

(1) Typically found in the intertidal zone at the water's edge at a mean distance from sea level of -56 meters (-182 feet). (2) D. spathacea is primarily a coastal plant, found near rivers, tidal swamps and mangrove swamps. The seeds of D. spathacea are peculiar in having comparatively short opaque wings of a spongy texture similar to that of the body of the seed, and which has been termed " corky " by Clarke and other authors. The seeds of D. spathacea are at the same time worse adapted for transport over long distances by wind, and better adapted for dispersal by ocean currents. (3) Dispersal by seawater is common.

(1) http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/D/Dolichandrone_spathacea/ (2) http://www.jstor.org/pss/4107551[Accessed 2008 N0v 17].(3)van Stenis, C.G.G.J. 1977. Bignoniaceae. Flora of Malesiana. Ser. 1 vol. 8 (2):114-186.

7.06

Unlikely (1) Fruit is a flattened cylindrical capsule.

(1) van Stenis, C.G.G.J. 1977. Bignoniaceae. Flora of Malesiana. Ser. 1 vol. 8 (2):114-186.

7.07

Unknown

7.08

Unknown

8.01

(1) The corolla is white, with a rather slender, cylindrical or slightly compressed, 30 to 40 centimeters long, and 2 to 2.5 centimeters think, with very numerous, rectangular, winged seeds.

(1) http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/t/tiwi.pdf [Accessed 2008 Nov 17].

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Don't know