Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Dillenia suffruticosa (Wormia suffruticosa); shrubby dillenia

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405518 (24 January 2003)

Distributional range:
Native: Asia-Tropical: Indonesia - Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia; Singapore
Other: cult. & naturalized in Jamaica, Java, & Sri Lanka

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405518 (24 January 2003)

Distributional range:
Native: Asia-Tropical: Indonesia - Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia; Singapore
Other: cult. & naturalized in Jamaica, Java, & Sri Lanka

2.02

2.03

(1)http://www.apec2000.gov.bn/simpor.htm (2)http://www.itto.or.jp/newsletter/v10n3/10.html

(1)a wetland plant (2)adapted to degraded sites, early successional species

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405518 (24 January 2003)

Distributional range:
Native: Asia-Tropical: Indonesia - Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia; Singapore
Other: cult. & naturalized in Jamaica, Java, & Sri Lanka

2.05

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405518 (24 January 2003)

Distributional range:
Native: Asia-Tropical: Indonesia - Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia; Singapore
Other: cult. & naturalized in Jamaica, Java, & Sri Lanka

3.01

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405518 (24 January 2003) (2)
Warren L. Wagner, Derral R. Herbst. SUPPLEMENT TO THE MANUAL OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF HAWAI`I version 2.3 (5 March 2002)

(1)cult. & naturalized in Jamaica, Java, & Sri Lanka (2)Starting to naturalize on Oahu?

3.02

(1)http://www.rrcap.unep.org/reports/soe/srilanka_biodiversity.pdf (2)http://www.hear.org/oisc/pdfs/oiscmeetingminutes20011204.pdf (3)http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/simpoh_air.htm

(1) Invasive Species of natural ecosystems - along streambanks in Sri Lanka (2) on Oahu - found at Hoomaluhia Botanical Garden,Waihii, and Manoa. (3)"This distinctive shrubby tree grows vigorously on eroded soil, wasteland, forest edges and swampy areas." [DISTURBANCE weed, similar to Macaranga]

3.03

no evidence

3.04

(1)http://www.rrcap.unep.org/reports/soe/srilanka_biodiversity.pdf (2)http://www.hear.org/oisc/pdfs/oiscmeetingminutes20011204.pdf (3)http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/simpoh_air.htm

(1) Invasive Species of natural ecosystems - along streambanks in Sri Lanka (2) on Oahu - found at Hoomaluhia Botanical Garden,Waihii, and Manoa. (3)"This distinctive shrubby tree grows vigorously on eroded soil, wasteland, forest edges and swampy areas." [DISTURBANCE weed, similar to Macaranga]

3.05

no evidence

4.01

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/disuf.htm>

Description: "Large shrubs or small trees, evergreen, up to 10 m. Leaves elliptic to ovate, 15-30 by 8-15 cm, 12-20-nerved, rounded to obtuse at apex, obtuse at base, base continuous with petiolar wings. Petiole 2-6 cm, with 4-10 mm broad persistent wings enclosing terminal bud in young leaf. Flowers in up to 18-flowered terminal simple or compound racemose inflorescences, 8-12 cm across. Pedicel 1-3 cm. Sepals obovate, 15-22 by 8-12 mm. Petals yellow, 40-50 by 25-30 mm. Staminodes ca 100, 4-6 mm long, outside stamens. Stamens ca 175, outer ones curved, inner ones reflexed at apex, from 8 (outermost) to 13 (innermost) mm long. Carpels 5-8, ca 5 by 2 mm with 10 mm long style; each with 7-10 ovules. Fruit dehiscent, sepals reflexed, carpels spreading, red, ca 20-25 by 10-16 mm. Seeds arillate." (Hoogland, 1972)

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

http://www.econbot.org/journal/Vol54_4/ebot-54-04-459.pdf

leaves/fruits of relative Dillenia indica are eaten by humans

4.08

wetland plant, large thick green leaves

4.09

Ria Tan, Apr 2001. Simpoh Air. in Mangrove and wetland wildlife at Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve. A Webpage available at: <http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/simpoh_air.htm>

"This distinctive shrubby tree grows vigorously on eroded soil, wasteland, forest edges and swampy areas." [all are places with ample light]

4.1

(1)Ria Tan, Apr 2001. Simpoh Air. in Mangrove and wetland wildlife at Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve. A Webpage available at: <http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/simpoh_air.htm> (2)http://colleges.tripod.com/plants2.htm (3)http://www.visitormalaysia.com/nationalpark/crocker.htm

(1)"It is among the few plants that can germinate and grow on white sands."; "grows vigorously on eroded soil, wasteland, forest edges and swampy areas." (2)They thrive on eroded hills (3)a woody shrub usually found on infertile deforested soils

4.11

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/disuf.htm>

"Large shrubs or small trees, evergreen, up to 10 m"

4.12

http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/simpoh_air.htm

grows vigorously on eroded soil [and thickets along streambanks?]

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

large shrubs or small trees, Dilleniaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

large shrubs or small trees

6.01

no evidence

6.02

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/disuf.htm>

Propagation: Seed, fruits spread by birds.

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

(1)Ria Tan, Apr 2001. Simpoh Air. in Mangrove and wetland wildlife at Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve. A Webpage available at: <http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/simpoh_air.htm> (2)Endress, P. K.1997. Relationships between floral organization, architecture, and pollination mode in Dillenia (Dilleniaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 206: 99-118

(1)"The flowers open at 3 am and last only a day. They are pollinated by bees which collect its pollen (the flowers don't produce nectar or a scent) or by small beetles and flies that scramble over it. Almost every flower sets fruit. " (2)Dillenia are highly elaborate pollen-flowers adapted to buzz-pollination by Xylocopa bees. the pollinator grasps the entire cone with its legs and buzzes it, revolves around its axis and repeats the buzzing in different positions

6.06

no evidence

6.07

Ria Tan, Apr 2001. Simpoh Air. in Mangrove and wetland wildlife at Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve. A Webpage available at: <http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/simpoh_air.htm>

"The plant blooms from age 3-4 "

7.01

no evidence

7.02

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/disuf.htm>

Comments: Widely grown as an ornamental shrub in tropical countries and naturalized in Ceylon, W. Java, Jamaica and possibly Luzon. (Hoogland, R.D. 1972. Dilleniacea in: Flora of Thailand, vol. 2, part 2. p. 101.)

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/disuf.htm>

Propagation: Seed, fruits spread by birds. [seeds covered with red flesh.]

7.07

no evidence

7.08

bird-dispersed

8.01

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/disuf.htm>

"Flowers in up to 18-flowered terminal simple or compound racemose inflorescences, 8-12 cm across. Pedicel 1-3 cm. Sepals obovate, 15-22 by 8-12 mm. Petals yellow, 40-50 by 25-30 mm. Staminodes ca 100, 4-6 mm long, outside stamens. Stamens ca 175, outer ones curved, inner ones reflexed at apex, from 8 (outermost) to 13 (innermost) mm long. Carpels 5-8, ca 5 by 2 mm with 10 mm long style; each with 7-10 ovules. Fruit dehiscent, sepals reflexed, carpels spreading, red, ca 20-25 by 10-16 mm. " [up to 80 seeds per fruit (if all ovules within each carpel become seeds), need 12-13 flowers (less than 1 florescence) to reach 1000 seeds per square meter]

8.02

http://farrer.riv.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/d-ala.html

Propagation is best from fresh seed [Dillenia alata -- a very similar wetland species from Australia]

8.03

no evidence

8.04

Lim, W. H. L.; Turner, I. M. 1996. Resource availability and growth responses to defoliation in seedlings of three early-successional, tropical, woody species. Ecological Research 11:321-324

species (Dillenia suffruticosa ) of resource-poor habitats cannot easily replace losses due to herbivory and are adversely effected by defoliation.

8.05

no evidence