Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Dianella revoluta R. Br.( spreading flax lily; black anther flax lily, blueberry lily, whistle grass)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

2

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania.

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Dianella+revoluta&CAN=COMIND

2.02

Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania.

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Dianella+revoluta&CAN=COMIND

2.03

(1)An evergreen perennial growing to 1m. It is hardy to zone 9. Requires a sunny sheltered position when grown outdoors in Britain. Although not very cold-tolerant, this species can possibly survive in sheltered stable environments in dappled shade, such as a woodland, if temperatures do not drop far below zero for long periods (2)favouring drier sites (Dry Sclerophyll forest) (3)Zones 8b-11, Tolerates heavy frost and hot and/or humid conditions. [but not wet conditions?]

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Dianella+revoluta&CAN=COMIND (2)http://www.utas.edu.au/docs/plant_science/field_botany/species/monocots/liliacsp/dianrevo.html (3)http://www.celebratedplants.com/baby_bliss/about.shtml

2.04

Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania.

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Dianella+revoluta&CAN=COMIND

2.05

(1)Britain (2)South Carolina

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Dianella+revoluta&CAN=COMIND (2)http://www.celebratedplants.com/big_rev/about.shtml

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

no descrition of these traits

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Dianella+revoluta&CAN=COMIND

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

blue flax lily (Dianella revoluta) -- this plant has not been recorded as having caused poisoning.

http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/APOL7/sep97-4.html

4.06

no evidence

4.07

Edible Uses
Fruit; Leaves.
Fruit - raw or cooked[193] The fruit is up to 1.5cm in diameter[193].
The white leaf base might be edible[193].

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Dianella+revoluta&CAN=COMIND

4.08

[This is a grass-like plant that grows in dry habitats and sheds dead tillers, suggesting that dense groups may be a fire hazard]

4.09

(1)It cannot grow in the shade. (2)Shade; none to Filtered

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Dianella+revoluta&CAN=COMIND (2)http://www.organicmatters.com.au/dianella-revoluta.htm

4.1

(1) The plant prefers light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils and requires well-drained soil. The plant prefers acid and neutral soils.
(2) Variety of soils, laterite, granite, limestone. (3)Heavy & Clay Soil; Sandy Soil;

(1) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Dianella+revoluta&CAN=COMIND
(2) http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/flora?f=273&level=s&id=1259 (3)http://www.organicmatters.com.au/dianella-revoluta.htm

4.11

An evergreen perennial growing to 1m

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Dianella+revoluta&CAN=COMIND

4.12

perennial to 1 m high

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Dianella+revoluta&CAN=COMIND

5.01

The plant prefers light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils and requires well-drained soil.

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Dianella+revoluta&CAN=COMIND

5.02

Liliaceae

5.03

perennial

5.04

Geophyte

Morgan, J. W. 1998. Comparative Germination Responses of 28 Temperate Grassland Species. Aust. J. Bot., 46, 209–219

6.01

known to have declined fruit set at fragmented sites (due to self-incompatibility)

Effects of habitat fragmentation on the reproductive ecology of four plant species in mallee woodland. Cunningham, S. A. / Conservation Biology, 2000, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 758-768, 42 ref.

6.02

Seed - pre-soak for 24 hours in luke-warm water and then sow in spring in gentle heat in a greenhouse. Germination usually takes place within 1 - 3 months at 25°c.

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Dianella+revoluta&CAN=COMIND

6.03

Dianella species are known to hybridise on occasion [refering to D. longifolia and D. revoluta]

David H. Duncan, Adrienne B. Nicotra and Saul A. Cunningham . 2004. High self-pollen transfer and low fruit set in buzz-pollinated Dianella revoluta (Phormiaceae) Australian Journal of Botany 52: 185-193

6.04

only partially self-compatible

http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=BT03139.pdf

6.05

(1)pollinated by native bees in different families (2)buzz-pollinated by mid-sized Lipotriches bees; "a relatively specialized system"

(1)http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=BT03139.pdf (2)David H. Duncan, Adrienne B. Nicotra and Saul A. Cunningham . 2004. High self-pollen transfer and low fruit set in buzz-pollinated Dianella revoluta (Phormiaceae) Australian Journal of Botany 52: 185-193

6.06

Propagation; Fresh ripe seed or division. Suckering Plant [but don't know if natural reproductions is by vegetative fragmentation]

http://www.organicmatters.com.au/dianella-revoluta.htm

6.07

(1)Slow growth rate. (2)prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their first two years. When large enough, plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer. [minimum estimate based on slow growth]

(1)http://www.celebratedplants.com/baby_bliss/about.shtml (2)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Dianella+revoluta&CAN=LATIND

7.01

no evidence

7.02

grown as an ornamental

7.03

no evidence

7.04

fleshy fruit

7.05

no evidence

7.06

(1)The fruit is edible, up to 1.5cm in diameter (2)Fruit attracts birds

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Dianella+revoluta&CAN=COMIND (2)http://canberrabirds.org.au/gardenbl.htm

7.07

no evidence

7.08

bird-dispersed

8.01

(1)typical germinants per gram: 66 (2)ow rate of fruit development in open-pollinated flowers (3)Some seed can take a long time to germinate, and there can be continual germination for up to a year.

(1)http://www.florabank.org.au/support/facts/Seed%20data%20sheet%206.%20Liliaceae.pdf (2)http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/65/paper/BT03139.htm (3)http://www.abc.net.au/gardening/stories/s919046.htm

8.02

(1) "seeds should be smoked"[fire-adapted dormancy?] (2) Propagation; Fresh ripe seed

(1)http://www.florabank.org.au/support/facts/Seed%20data%20sheet%206.%20Liliaceae.pdf (2)http://www.organicmatters.com.au/dianella-revoluta.htm

8.03

no evidence

8.04

"seeds should be smoked" [fire-adapted?], a rhizomatous perennial, ability to sucker [regrowth from roots after frost]

(1) http://www.florabank.org.au/support/facts/Seed%20data%20sheet%206.%20Liliaceae.pdf (2) http://www.organicmatters.com.au/dianella-revoluta.htm

8.05

no evidence