Derris elliptica (Wallich) Benth. Family - Fabaceae. Common Names(s) - Derris, tubaroot. Synonym(s) - Paraderris elliptica (Wall.) F. Adema, Pongamia elliptica Wallich.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1+

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)Several cultivars (mostly clones of this vegetatively propagated crop) are widespread in cultivation and have been selected for high rotenone content (13% of the roots). (2)Wild plants flower and fruit normally. Pods ripen about 4 months after fertilization. In cultivation fruiting is rare. [rarely fruits in cultivation, but no evidence found that this trait has been selected for]

(1)Mansfeld, R. and R. Büttner. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops (except ornamentals). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (2)http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Derris%20elliptica.htm [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Distribution: India into Malesia, but apparently not indigenous in New Guinea as often stated.

(1)Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji: Volume 3. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii.

2.02

(1)Distribution: India into Malesia, but apparently not indigenous in New Guinea as often stated.

(1)Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji: Volume 3. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii.

2.03

(1)D. elliptica is commonly found in forest edges, roadsides and along rivers, in Java up to 1500 m altitude. D. elliptica may occur as weeds in forest plantations of Acacia, Eucalyptus and Swietenia. D. elliptica can survive dry periods of up to 4 months. This species is often confined to low altitudes. [tropical climate but elevation range >1000m]

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18115 [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

2.04

(1)Distribution: India into Malesia, but apparently not indigenous in New Guinea as often stated...cultivated from near sea level to an elevation of about 400 m and also occasionally naturalized along roadsides and on creek banks. [Fiji]

(1)Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji: Volume 3. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii.

2.05

(1)Distribution: India into Malesia, but apparently not indigenous in New Guinea as often stated…now introduced into many tropical areas as a fish poison and a potential insecticide and often naturalized. (2)Bangladesh, Burma (Myanmar), Indo-China, Thailand, the Nicobar Islands and Malesia (apparently not wild in Borneo, Sulawesi and the Moluccas). D. elliptica is cultivated e.g. in India, southern China, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, tropical Africa and America.

(1)Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji: Volume 3. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii. (2)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18115 [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

3.01

(1) Cultivated from near sea level to an elevation of about 400 m and also occasionally naturalized along roadsides and on creek banks. [Fiji] (2)In Hawai'i, it forms a dense canopy and smothers vegetation, fences, forest, pastures, and farm land. There are few locations of this aggressive invader on Maui. The full potential range is not known and it is uncertain whether this species will invade the rain forest or be restricted to the lowlands. Island wide eradication of this species is still possible and will probably only become harder with time...Though known from Kaua'i, O'ahu, Maui and Hawai'i, D. elliptica remains unpublished as naturalized in the state of Hawai'i. Derris was first collected on O'ahu in 1950 by G. Pearsall (446481). It was first collected on Maui in 1974 by Fosberg (see Maui info. below). On the island of Hawai'i, we collected this species from the side of the road in Kealakekua, where it is sparingly naturalized. Derris has also been collected at Hilo (Herbst 9716) on Hawai'i, at Nanakuli (Pearsall 446481) and Kailua (Staples 1158) on O'ahu, and in the Waihea Game Reserve (Howard 20222) on Kaua'i...In 2000, it was also collected in the Honopou area of East Maui near Twin Falls, and we have since observed Derris near Ha'iku reservoir and at the top of W. Kuiaha Rd, Ha'iku. Currently, the largest patch is in Nahiku and covers over 10 acres. Recently, other locations have been observed along the Hana Hwy. These sites are all lowland, disturbed areas, with average annual rainfall ranging from 60-160 in (152-406 cm)

(1)Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji: Volume 3. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii. (2)http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/derris_elliptica.pdf [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

3.02

(1)Derris elliptica was introduced in 1935 for trial as a potentially commercial rotenone-yielding plant for use in insecticides. However, it could become a weed of pastoral and plantation lands and therefore was declared a noxious weed in 1935. [Noxious weed of Fiji] (2)As for the flora of the Bonin Islands, after a period of colonization for nearly a century, entire islands were left without human impact for 25 years after World War II. During this period many introduced weeds as well as escaped crops and trees grew widely on the islands, invading and destroying the original vegetation [includes Derris elliptica]

(1)Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji: Volume 3. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii. (2)Stuessy, T. F. and M. Ono. 2007. Evolution and Speciation of Island Plants. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.

3.03

(1)Derris elliptica was introduced in 1935 for trial as a potentially commercial rotenone-yielding plant for use in insecticides. However, it could become a weed of pastoral and plantation lands and therefore was declared a noxious weed in 1935. [lists potential to become a weed of agriculture without actually reporting impacts]

(1)Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji: Volume 3. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii.

3.04

(1)Listed as a potential environmental weed, but evidence of negative impacts to

3.05

(1)Derris trifoliata, a climber, poses a threat to many regenerating tree seedlings owing to its aggressive twining and strangulating habit. This species is widely distributed throughout the mangrove forest irrespective of local ecological and environmental conditions. The dense populations of Derris trifoliata form a cover over the seedlings and saplings of Heritiera fomes, Excoecaria agallocha, Sonneratia apetala, among others. There are few additional invasives that inhibited normal growth of these mangroves...The three most harmful invasive species in the Sundarbans ecosystem are Derris trifoliata, Eichhornia crassipes and Eupetorium odoratum.

(1)Biswas, S. R., J. K. Choudhury, A. Nishat, and Md. M. Rahman. 2007. Do invasive plants threaten the Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh? Forest Ecology and Management 245: 1–9.

4.01

(1)No spines, thorns or burrs

(1)Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji: Volume 3. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii.

4.02

(1)D. elliptica, D. malaccensis, D. microphylla (Miq.) Val., and D. robusta have served as green manures, shade trees, and double-cropping on rubber, cacao, coffee, kapok, and tea plantations [apparently not allelopathic if used as manure and in cultivation with other crops]

(1)Allen, E. K. 1981. The Leguminosae, a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation: A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses and Nodulation. Univ of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin.

4.03

(1)A liana or scrambling shrub [Fabaceae]

(1)Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji: Volume 3. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii.

4.04

Unknown [most references refer to Derris root extracts but do not talk about palatability of leaves]

4.05

(1)Toxicty of Derris species to man and test animals is very low (Jones et al. 1968). 2)Poison: D. elliptica is used as a fish poison throughout southern Asia and the Pacific. The pounded root is considered the strongest fish poison in South-East Asia. Rotenone is used in fisheries in the Philippines, Bangladesh and India to remove predatory and other undesired fish from rearing pods. An extract from the roots of D. elliptica is reported to be employed as an ingredient of arrow poison in Borneo. The powdered root of D. elliptica is widely used as an insecticide. Medicine: D. elliptica is traditionally used for antisepsis and applied to abscesses and against leprosy and itch, and sometimes as an abortifacient. In Thailand, the roots are also used as emmenagogue and the stems as a blood tonic. [root extracts toxic to fish and insects]

(1)Allen, E. K. 1981. The Leguminosae, a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation: A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses and Nodulation. Univ of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin. (2)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18115 [Accessed 18 Mar 2009] (3)http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/t/tugli.pdf [Accessed 18 Mar 2009] (4)http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/W9676E/W9676E02.htm [Accessed 19 Mar 2009]

4.06

(1)Pests recorded Insects: Icerya seychellarum (Seychelles scale) Fungus diseases: Corticium salmonicolor (damping off) Marasmius crinis-equi (horse hair blight) (2)Pests and diseases : Some fungal diseases are reported to damage planted D. elliptica: a rust (Ustilago derrides), a Gloeosporium sp. That causes the shoots tips to die, and an unidentified fungal disease that attacks cuttings in nursery beds. Pests: Pests are not serious and are easily controlled. [not an important alternate host of serious agricultural pests]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18115 [Accessed 18Mar 2009]

4.07

(1)Toxicty of Derris species to man and test animals is very low (Jones et al. 1968). (2)Derris elliptica…the plant also has medicinal value. It should be used with caution, since some of its active principles may be poisonous to humans.

(1)Allen, E. K. 1981. The Leguminosae, a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation: A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses and Nodulation. Univ of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin. (2)Bunders, J., B. Haverkort and W. Hiemstra. 1996. Biotechnology: Building on Farmers' Knowledge. MacMillan Education Ltd. London, UK.

4.08

(1)D. elliptica is commonly found in forest edges, roadsides and along rivers, in Java up to 1500 m altitude. D. elliptica may occur as weeds in forest plantations of Acacia, Eucalyptus and Swietenia. D. elliptica can survive dry periods of up to 4 months. This species is often confined to low altitudes. [unknown, but could potentially act as a fuel ladder, especially during dry periods]

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18115 [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

4.09

(1)D. elliptica is commonly found in forest edges, roadsides and along rivers, in Java up to 1500 m altitude. D. elliptica may occur as weeds in forest plantations of Acacia, Eucalyptus and Swietenia. D. elliptica can survive dry periods of up to 4 months. This species is often confined to low altitudes. [unknown, but grows on forest edges, roadsides and river banks where light levels are higher]

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18115 [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

4.10

(1)All species tolerate a wide range of soil conditions, from fertile loams to barren areas. Well-drained soils, a well-distributed rainfall, and a tropical climate are preferable.

(1)Allen, E. K. 1981. The Leguminosae, a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation: A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses and Nodulation. Univ of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin.

4.11

(1)A liana or scrambling shrub [Fabaceae] (2)Observed climbing over small trees and shrubs on Rota (3)Grows aggressively, strangling and blanketing any vegetation in its way. Forms a dense canopy, shading out any vegetation below.

(1)Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji: Volume 3. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii. (2)Space, J. C., B. Waterhouse, J. E. Miles, J. Tiobech and K. Rengulbai. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. (3)http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Derris%20elliptica.htm [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

4.12

(1)A liana or scrambling shrub [Fabaceae] (2)Observed climbing over small trees and shrubs on Rota (3)Grows aggressively, strangling and blanketing any vegetation in its way. Forms a dense canopy, shading out any vegetation below.

(1)Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji: Volume 3. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii. (2)Space, J. C., B. Waterhouse, J. E. Miles, J. Tiobech and K. Rengulbai. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. (3)http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Derris%20elliptica.htm [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

5.01

(1)Terrestrial liana

(1)Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji: Volume 3. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii.

5.02

(1)Fabaceae

(1)Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji: Volume 3. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii.

5.03

(1)A liana or scrambling shrub [Fabaceae]

(1)Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji: Volume 3. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii.

5.04

(1)A liana or scrambling shrub [Fabaceae]

(1)Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji: Volume 3. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii.

6.01

(1)Reproductive Biology D. elliptica may start flowering at 18 months of age. Wild plants flower and fruit normally. Pods ripen about 4 months after fertilization. In cultivation fruiting is rare. [reproductive failure in cultivation]

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18115 [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

6.02

(1)The fruits are flat, brownish, about 2" long and 0.75" wide, indehiscent, and narrowly winged down both sides. Widely introduced in Asia, the Pacific Basin, and elsewhere as a source of rotenone, D. elliptica tends to become naturalized wherever it is planted, and it threatens to do the same in Hawaii. (2)D. elliptica is propagated by seeds, or the commercially important kinds are propagated by cuttings

(1)Staples, G.W. and D. R. Herbst, 2005.A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. (2)Bailey, L.H. and E.Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus. 3rd ed. Macmillan General Reference, NY.

6.03

(1)Hybrids between D. elliptica and D. malaccensis have shown promising results. [unknown if able to hybridize naturally]

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18115 [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

6.04

(1) Breeding trials have been hampered by the almost total self-incompatibility of most cultivars of D. elliptica.

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18115 [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

6.05

(1)Reproductive Biology D. elliptica may start flowering at 18 months of age. Wild plants flower and fruit normally. Pods ripen about 4 months after fertilization. In cultivation fruiting is rare. [pollination requirements unknown, but may require specialists if rarely sets seed in cultivation]

(1)http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Derris%20elliptica.htm [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

6.06

(1)Dispersal: Spreads by seeds and vegetatively.

(1)http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Derris%20elliptica.htm [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

6.07

(1)Reproductive Biology D. elliptica may start flowering at 18 months of age. Wild plants flower and fruit normally. Pods ripen about 4 months after fertilization. In cultivation fruiting is rare.

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18115 [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

7.01

(1)Reproduction: Flowers arranged in stalked clusters of 3 with pink petals with diameter 13-17 mm. Fruits are elliptic and flat, 3.5 to 7 cm in length. Fruits contain between 1 and 3 seeds...Reproductive Biology D. elliptica may start flowering at 18 months of age. Wild plants flower and fruit normally. Pods ripen about 4 months after fertilization. In cultivation fruiting is rare. [large fruits and seed without means of external attachment]

(1)http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Derris%20elliptica.htm [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

7.02

(1)Se Asia and Malesia, often introduced and naturalized into other tropical countries, hence indigenous distribution hard to delimit exactly. Together with the following species the economically most important one of the genus, in SE Asia and the Pacific isl. frequently cultivated

(1)Mansfeld, R. and R. Büttner. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops (except ornamentals). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

7.03

(1)Reproduction: Flowers arranged in stalked clusters of 3 with pink petals with diameter 13-17 mm. Fruits are elliptic and flat, 3.5 to 7 cm in length. Fruits contain between 1 and 3 seeds...Reproductive Biology D. elliptica may start flowering at 18 months of age. Wild plants flower and fruit normally. Pods ripen about 4 months after fertilization. In cultivation fruiting is rare. [large fruits and seeds unlikely to become contaminants]

(1)http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Derris%20elliptica.htm [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

7.04

(1)Reproduction: Flowers arranged in stalked clusters of 3 with pink petals with diameter 13-17 mm. Fruits are elliptic and flat, 3.5 to 7 cm in length. Fruits contain between 1 and 3 seeds...Reproductive Biology D. elliptica may start flowering at 18 months of age. Wild plants flower and fruit normally. Pods ripen about 4 months after fertilization. In cultivation fruiting is rare. [fairly large seed pods unlikely to be dispersed by wind, or if so, for only short distances, i.e. gravity]

(1)http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Derris%20elliptica.htm [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

7.05

(1)found abundantly in thickets along streams in secondary forests at low and medium altitude from Northern Luzon to Mindanao. (2)Seed Dispersal 1. Water; Floating in freshwater currents; Method not stated; (Ridley, 1930); Diaspore=pod. The diaspore is buoyant.

(1)Dichoso, W. C. 2000. Useful plant species with toxic substance. Research Information Series on Ecosystems 12(2): 1-15. (2)Liu, K., Eastwood, R.J., Flynn, S., Turner, R.M., and Stuppy, W.H. 2008. Seed Information Database (release 7.1, May 2008) http://www.kew.org/data/sid

7.06

(1)Reproduction: Flowers arranged in stalked clusters of 3 with pink petals with diameter 13-17 mm. Fruits are elliptic and flat, 3.5 to 7 cm in length. Fruits contain between 1 and 3 seeds...Reproductive Biology D. elliptica may start flowering at 18 months of age. Wild plants flower and fruit normally. Pods ripen about 4 months after fertilization. In cultivation fruiting is rare. [not fleshy-fruited]

(1)http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Derris%20elliptica.htm [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

7.07

(1)Reproduction: Flowers arranged in stalked clusters of 3 with pink petals with diameter 13-17 mm. Fruits are elliptic and flat, 3.5 to 7 cm in length. Fruits contain between 1 and 3 seeds...Reproductive Biology D. elliptica may start flowering at 18 months of age. Wild plants flower and fruit normally. Pods ripen about 4 months after fertilization. In cultivation fruiting is rare. [no means of external attachment]

(1)http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Derris%20elliptica.htm [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

7.08

(1)Reproduction: Flowers arranged in stalked clusters of 3 with pink petals with diameter 13-17 mm. Fruits are elliptic and flat, 3.5 to 7 cm in length. Fruits contain between 1 and 3 seeds...Reproductive Biology D. elliptica may start flowering at 18 months of age. Wild plants flower and fruit normally. Pods ripen about 4 months after fertilization. In cultivation fruiting is rare. [large seeds unlikely to be consumed by animals, no fleshy-fruited]

(1)http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Derris%20elliptica.htm [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

8.01

(1)Reproduction: Flowers arranged in stalked clusters of 3 with pink petals with diameter 13-17 mm. Fruits are elliptic and flat, 3.5 to 7 cm in length. Fruits contain between 1 and 3 seeds...Reproductive Biology D. elliptica may start flowering at 18 months of age. Wild plants flower and fruit normally. Pods ripen about 4 months after fertilization. In cultivation fruiting is rare.

(1)http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Derris%20elliptica.htm [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

8.02

(1)Reproduction: Flowers arranged in stalked clusters of 3 with pink petals with diameter 13-17 mm. Fruits are elliptic and flat, 3.5 to 7 cm in length. Fruits contain between 1 and 3 seeds...Reproductive Biology D. elliptica may start flowering at 18 months of age. Wild plants flower and fruit normally. Pods ripen about 4 months after fertilization. In cultivation fruiting is rare. [legume, probably long-lasting, hard-seeded]

(1)http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Derris%20elliptica.htm [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

8.03

(1)Chemical control: No information on chemical control was found, but the vine did die back where it had been sprayed by the road crew in Nahiku. [herbicide effectiveness unknown]

(1)http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/derris_elliptica.pdf [Accessed 18 Mar 2009]

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown