Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service
Information on
Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -5
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
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Breynia disticha (Breynia nivosa );snowbush |
Answer |
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1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
|
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
|
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
|
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
|
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
n |
|
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
|
|
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
|
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
2 |
|
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
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Total score: |
-5 |
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Supporting data:
|
Source |
Notes |
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1.01 |
no evidence |
|
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1.02 |
no evidence |
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1.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
2.01 |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> [Smith, A. C. 1981. Flora Vitiensis nova: A new flora of Fiji. Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. National Tropical Botanical Garden. 2:466-467] |
Native range: China and southeastern Asia through Malesia to Australia, New Caledonia and the New Hebrides, now widely cultivated throughout the tropics. (Smith, 1981) |
|
2.02 |
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2.03 |
(1)Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm>
[Smith, A. C. 1981. Flora Vitiensis nova: A new flora of Fiji. Lawai, Kauai,
Hawaii. National Tropical Botanical Garden. 2:466-467] |
(1) Native range: China and southeastern Asia through
Malesia to Australia, New Caledonia and the New Hebrides, now widely
cultivated throughout the tropics. (Smith, 1981) |
|
2.04 |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> [Smith, A. C. 1981. Flora Vitiensis nova: A new flora of Fiji. Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. National Tropical Botanical Garden. 2:466-467] |
Native range: China and southeastern Asia through Malesia to Australia, New Caledonia and the New Hebrides, now widely cultivated throughout the tropics. (Smith, 1981) |
|
2.05 |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> |
Presence: Pacific islands: Fiji, Guam (cult.), Hawai‘i,
Marshall Islands (Kwajalein (cult.), Majuro (cult.)), New Caledonia
(native), Niue, Palau (Koror), Tonga (Tongatapu, ‘Eua, Vava‘u, Lifuka/Foa,
Ha‘ano, ‘Uiha—cult. all locations), Vanuatu (native) |
|
3.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.02 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.04 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.01 |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> |
"glabrous throughout" |
|
4.02 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.03 |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> |
free-living shrub |
|
4.04 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.06 |
Miller, J.W. 1991. Bureau of Plant Pathology. Tri-ology Techn. Rep. Div. Pl. Indust., Florida 30:4-5 |
Pythium sp. |
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4.07 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.08 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.09 |
1)Horticopia Inc. (2001) Horticopia Plant Information Breynia nivosa<http://www.hortpix.com/pc767.htm> 2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_EP033 3)http://www.rogersgardens.com/infopages/caresheets.htm |
1) Environment: prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun 2)Full sun 3)Light Shade |
|
4.1 |
1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_EP033 2)horticopia trees and shrubs |
1) Light, sandy 2)Sandy, loamy, well-drained |
|
4.11 |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> |
"shrubs or small trees" |
|
4.12 |
no evidence |
|
|
5.01 |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> |
"shrubs or small trees" |
|
5.02 |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> |
"shrubs or small trees" |
|
5.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
5.04 |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> |
"shrubs or small trees" |
|
6.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.02 |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> |
Propagation: Seed? Has a tendency to sucker profusely. |
|
6.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.04 |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> |
"Monoecious " |
|
6.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.06 |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> |
"Has a tendency to sucker profusely." -- possibly at the base, forms multiple trunks (not a means of spread) |
|
6.07 |
R. Criley, UH Department of Horticulture, personal communication |
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|
7.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.02 |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> |
Presence: Pacific islands: Fiji, Guam (cult.), Hawai‘i,
Marshall Islands (Kwajalein (cult.), Majuro (cult.)), New Caledonia
(native), Niue, Palau (Koror), Tonga (Tongatapu, ‘Eua, Vava‘u, Lifuka/Foa,
Ha‘ano, ‘Uiha—cult. all locations), Vanuatu (native) |
|
7.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.04 |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> |
fruit a capsule dehiscing into 2-seeded cocci, the seeds with a somewhat fleshy testa, ventrally invaginated |
|
7.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.06 |
1)Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> 2)Horticopia trees and shrubs |
1) fruit a capsule dehiscing into 2-seeded cocci, the seeds with a somewhat fleshy testa, ventrally invaginated 2)fleshy fruit |
|
7.07 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.08 |
bird dispersal? |
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|
8.01 |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> |
fruit a capsule dehiscing into 2-seeded cocci, the seeds with a somewhat fleshy testa, ventrally invaginated. |
|
8.02 |
||
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8.03 |
||
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8.04 |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) <http://www.hear.org/pier3/brdis.htm> |
"Has a tendency to sucker profusely." |
|
8.05 |
Horticopia trees and shrubs |
Caterpillars and mites may be troublesome |
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This page updated 24 February 2005.