Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Brexia madagascariensis (syn. Venana madagascariensis Lam. ); brexia

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-6

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

http://www.hear.org/AlienSpeciesInHawaii/articles/
usgs_brd_prelim_eval_of_potential_target_spp_on_maui_july_2002.pdf

M** BREXIA MADAGASCARIENSIS -- Brexia
Native to Madagascar. Only known to be naturalized in the state from a small area plantings at Kaumahina State Wayside on the Hana Highway near Honomanu. [questionable state of naturalization]

1.03

no evidence

2.01

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/page4.htm

"Tree from Madagascar "

2.02

2.03

(1)Mabberley, D.J. 1998. The plant book. Cambridge University press, Cambridge. (2)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast (3)http://www.ussl.ars.usda.gov/pls/caliche/Halophyte.query?k=Genus&q=Brexia

(1)Coastal lowlands (2)All specimens <200 m (30It is a hydrohalophyte and occurs in wet areas.

2.04

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/page4.htm

"Tree from Madagascar "

2.05

http://www.ag-risk.org/FCICDOCU/NURSERY/98neplhi.pdf

available in nursery of Hawaii, other recordes are from botanical gardens

3.01

http://www.hear.org/AlienSpeciesInHawaii/articles/
usgs_brd_prelim_eval_of_potential_target_spp_on_maui_july_2002.pdf

M** BREXIA MADAGASCARIENSIS -- Brexia
Native to Madagascar. Only known to be naturalized in the state from a small area plantings at Kaumahina State Wayside on the Hana Highway near Honomanu. [questionable state of naturalization]

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

(1)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:wVSyT_VntR4J:www.hear.org/AlienSpeciesInHawaii/
articles/usgs_brd_prelim_eval_of_potential_target_spp_on_maui_july_2002.pdf
+Brexia+madagascariensis+seeds&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

(1)M** BREXIA MADAGASCARIENSIS -- Brexia
Native to Madagascar. Only known to be naturalized in the state from a small area plantings at Kaumahina State Wayside on the Hana Highway near Honomanu. [subjected to a evaluation of eradication target]

3.05

no evidence

4.01

no evidence

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

no evidence

4.1

no evidence

4.11

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/page4.htm

tree

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/page4.htm

tree; Grossulariaceae

5.03

tree; Grossulariaceae

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/op74.pdf

hard fruit which contains numerous angular seeds [no indication of viability]

6.03

Mabberly, D. 1999. The Plant Book. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

monospecific genus

6.04

no evidence

6.05

based on simple, open floral morphology - insect pollination

6.06

no evidence

6.07

(1)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast (2)http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/tpss/digest/lfon/lfon8.html

(1)small tree, usually < 5 m (2)http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/tpss/digest/lfon/lfon8.html [minimum for a slow growing small tree]

7.01

no evidence

7.02

http://www.ag-risk.org/FCICDOCU/NURSERY/98neplhi.pdf

available in nursery of Hawaii [but it is rare]

7.03

no evidence

7.04

http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/op74.pdf

numerous angular seeds

7.05

http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/op65.pdf

Dispersal syndrome: A? A=aquatic/water;

7.06

(1)http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/op74.pdf (2)http://www.gallowayfarm.com/Education/PlantGuide/B.html

(1)hard fruit which contains numerous angular seeds (2)woody drupaceous fruit

7.07

http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/op65.pdf

Dispersal syndrome: A? A=aquatic/water;

7.08

no evidence tha it is consumed

8.01

http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/op74.pdf

hard fruit which contains numerous angular seeds

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence