Brachiaria brizantha Hochst Stapf x Brachiaria ruziziensis Germ. & Evr. Family - Poaceae. Common Names(s) - cv Mulato

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

?

-1

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2+

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

2

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)Field studies conducted for the past few years in the Llanos of Colombia indicated that one of the Brachiaria hybrids, CIAT 36087 (FM9503-S046-024 or Mulato 2) is superior to its parents and other hybrids. This hybrid maintained greater proportion of green leaves during dry season under field conditions. A greenhouse study was conducted to characterized shoot and root responses of this hybrid in comparison to its parents and another hybrid cv. Mulato when subjected to moderate and severe drought stress conditions. [different cultivars of the hybrid are more competitive than others] (2)Pasture research led by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and national institutions during the 80's and 90's, contributed with new Brachiaria species with various characteristics and uses that were incorporated with success in livestock production systems in the lowlands of Latin America. Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria dictyoneura, Brachiaria humidicola and Brachiaria ruziziensis are some of the forage materials released by research institutions in the region. Despite its indisputable advantages, the Brachiaria genus presents limitations because of its low tolerance to prolonged droughts and its high susceptibility to spittlebug, a pest that causes considerable economic losses to the livestock industry. Thus, most recent research in CIAT's Brachiaria breeding program has focused on the development of a second generation of Brachiaria grasses: outstanding agronomic characteristics, establishment vigor, good sprout capacity, high biomass production and nutritional quality, good seed production, resistant to Rhizotocnia and to multiple spittlebug species. The results of this effort have conveyed to the recent release of Mulato grass, the first hybrid of the Brachiaria genus obtained by CIAT's genetic improvement program. In the waiting list of the second generation of Brachiaria grasses is hybrid #4624 (CIAT 36087), to be released in 2005, having a similar forage quality as Mulato and with all the attributes defined for the second generation of Brachiaria grasses. Moreover, several other hybrids are in advanced stages of evaluation and close to being released as commercial cultivars. [breeding is focusing on more competitive ability, rather than less]

(1)www.ciat.cgiar.org/forrajes/pdf/grasses_legumes_2004_3.pdf [Accessed 16 Oct 2009] (2)Rivas L and Holmann F 2005: Potential economic impact from the adoption of Brachiaria hybrids resistant to spittlebugs in livestock systems of Colombia, Mexico and Central America. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 17, Art. #54. Retrieved October 16, 2009, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/5/holm17054.htm

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Artificial hybrids suited to the tropics to 1,800 m asl and the subtropics at low altitudes.

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

2.02

(1)Artificial hybrids suited to the tropics to 1,800 m asl and the subtropics at low altitudes.

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

2.03

(1)Artificial hybrids suited to the tropics to 1,800 m asl and the subtropics at low altitudes. (2)Mulato grows in humid and subhumid environments, its growth is decumbent, stoloniferous and cespitose. It is adapted to well-drained soils of medium fertility with pH >4.5, rainfall higher than 1,000 mm/year, up to 1,800 m.a.s.l. and flat to undulating topography. [elevation range >1000 m]

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009] (2)Rivas L and Holmann F 2005: Potential economic impact from the adoption of Brachiaria hybrids resistant to spittlebugs in livestock systems of Colombia, Mexico and Central America. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 17, Art. #54. Retrieved October 16, 2009, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/5/holm17054.htm

2.04

(1)Artificial hybrids suited to the tropics to 1,800 m asl and the subtropics at low altitudes.

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

2.05

(1)In 2003 a plot of Mulato grass (Brachiaria hybrid cv Mulato; produced at CIAT as the result of 14 years of research, being a cross between Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu and B.ruziziensis 44-6; see <Grupo Papalotla>) was established for evaluation and multiplication on the Government Farm. Vegetative cuttings are being used to establish additional areas. (2)Derived from an initial cross made in 1988 between a tetraploid B. ruziziensis , clone 44-6 (sexual reproduction) and B. brizantha cv. Marandú (tetraploid, apomictic seed production). Tested for agronomic performance in small-plot field trials and regional trials in Colombia, and has also been widely distributed through CIAT’s regional trial network for adaptational/agronomic testing in Central America, Philippines and China. Final selection was based on tolerance of high soil aluminium, plant vigour, DM production and forage quality. [uncertain whether introduction has occurred outside of agronomic testing sites]

(1)http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/agpc/doc/Counprof/southpacific/Vanuatu.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009] (2)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

3.01

(1)No evidence that hybrid has naturalized yet [but parent species widely naturalized] (2)U. brizantha (syn. Brachiaria brizantha)…naturalized and introduced into most tropical countries...U. ruziziensis (syn. Brachiaria ruziziensis) naturalized and widely distributed elsewhere in the tropics

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009] (2)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology - 3 Volumes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

3.02

(1)Weed potential Likely to be similar to B. brizantha, having potential to colonise disturbed areas. [but no evidence of impacts yet]

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

3.05

(1)Brachiaria brizantha: Accepted Name(s): Urochloa brizantha (C. Hochstetter ex A. Rich.) R. Webster (2)Brachiaria ruziziensis Accepted Name(s): Urochloa brizantha (C. Hochstetter ex A. Rich.) R. Webster (3)Urochloa mutica: This fast growing semi-aquatic grass competes with native vegetation and forms dense monocultural stands that displace all other vegetation.

(1)http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=41513&print_version=PRT&source=to_print [Accessed 16 Oct 2009] (2)http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=509667&print_version=PRT&source=to_print [Accessed 16 Oct 2009] (3)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

4.01

(1)Perennial with a semi-erect growth habit, spreading by rooting from lower culm nodes. Leaf blade is linear-triangular in shape, broad, dark green, both abaxial and adaxial surfaces densely covered with long hairs. Leaf sheath is densely pubescent. Ligule membranociliate, short. Stigmas pink. Inflorescence is a panicle 12 cm long, with 4–8 racemes about 6 cm long, and spikelets arranged in two rows on each raceme .

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

4.02

(1)Although the greenhouse experiments have demonstrated that various cover crops can reduce soil population of R. reniformis, field experiments are more important to evaluate the effect of cover crops on cotton yield. Mulato grass and forage sorghum in particular, used as autumn or winter cover crops in fields infested by R. reniformis, proved to reduce the nematode population and thereafter increase the yield of seed and cotton fiber. Different cover crops should be considered if fields have been infested by another important cotton nematode, the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. In this case, Dias-Arieira et al. (2003) suggested that Brachiaria species should be grown as cover crop. We concluded that the use of cover crops that are non-hosts or poor hosts is an effective strategy against R. reniformis. This is especially adoptable in cotton fields that practice no-tillage. [possibly allelopathic to nematodes, but apparently a good cover crop for other crop species] (2)Compatibility (with other species) Will combine with aggressive creeping legumes.

(1)Asmus, G. L., M. M. Inomoto, and R. A. Cargnin. 2008. Cover crops for reniform nematode suppression in cotton: greenhouse and field evaluations. Tropical Plant Pathology 33(2): 85-89. (2)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

4.03

(1)Perennial with a semi-erect growth habit, spreading by rooting from lower culm nodes. Leaf blade is linear-triangular in shape, broad, dark green, both abaxial and adaxial surfaces densely covered with long hairs. Leaf sheath is densely pubescent. Ligule membranociliate, short. Stigmas pink. Inflorescence is a panicle 12 cm long, with 4–8 racemes about 6 cm long, and spikelets arranged in two rows on each raceme [no evidence of parasitism]

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

4.04

(1)For determining the protein content per unit of dry matter accumulated in tropical forage species on soils with limiting and non-limiting fertility conditions in the winter (November 2002 to February 2003), a study was conducted in the country environment of Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. The work was carried out on experimental plots of 1.5 x 12 m with plants sown at 0.5 x 0.5 m. A completely randomized split plot design was used with three repetitions. The fertility condition (00-00-00 and 200-100-00 NPK) was the large plot, the pasture variety (Andropogon gayanus, Brachiaria decumbens, B. dictyoneura, B. brizantha, B. humidicola, B. brizantha x B. ruziziensis cv. Mulato, Panicum maximum and Paspalum notatum) was the medium plot and the cut age (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 d after the uniformity cut) was the small plot. The evaluations were carried out with the methodology of the square meter. The forage was harvested and later weighed in a balance. The variables assessed were dry matter yield (g m-2), protein content (%), height (cm) and leaf/stem ratio. An analysis of variance (ANAVA) was performed according to the method of experimental design. The comparison between the means was according to the method of lest square means supported by the software SAS. In order to determine the content of protein per unit of dry matter accumulated, regression analyses were made and adjusted at linear models with protein content as dependent variable and dry matter yield as independent. There were effects (P < 0.001) of the fertility condition, pasture variety and cut age for the variables. There was higher dry matter yield (266.34 g m-2) in the nonlimiting fertility than in the limiting conditions (218.08 g m-2). It was observed that the content of crude protein diminished as the yield of dry matter was increased, being higher the content of protein per unit of dry matter accumulated in non-limiting fertility conditions. In both conditions, Brachiaria decumbens, B. brizantha and B. brizantha x B. ruziziensis cv Mulato had the best performance because they reached the highest content of protein per unit of dry matter accumulated and a higher yield of dry matter. (2)Mulato grass is the first commercially available Brachiaria hybrid. Superior in quality and productivity, no other tropical grass offers livestock producers more benefits in terms of milk and beef yields.

(1)Juárez-Hernández, J., E.D. Bolaños and M. Reinoso. 2004. Content of protein per unit of dry matter accumulated in tropical pastures. Winter. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science 38(4): 415-422. (2)http://wiseseed.net/specialty_seeds.html [Accessed 15 Oct 2009]

4.05

(1)For determining the protein content per unit of dry matter accumulated in tropical forage species on soils with limiting and non-limiting fertility conditions in the winter (November 2002 to February 2003), a study was conducted in the country environment of Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. The work was carried out on experimental plots of 1.5 x 12 m with plants sown at 0.5 x 0.5 m. A completely randomized split plot design was used with three repetitions. The fertility condition (00-00-00 and 200-100-00 NPK) was the large plot, the pasture variety (Andropogon gayanus, Brachiaria decumbens, B. dictyoneura, B. brizantha, B. humidicola, B. brizantha x B. ruziziensis cv. Mulato, Panicum maximum and Paspalum notatum) was the medium plot and the cut age (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 d after the uniformity cut) was the small plot. The evaluations were carried out with the methodology of the square meter. The forage was harvested and later weighed in a balance. The variables assessed were dry matter yield (g m-2), protein content (%), height (cm) and leaf/stem ratio. An analysis of variance (ANAVA) was performed according to the method of experimental design. The comparison between the means was according to the method of lest square means supported by the software SAS. In order to determine the content of protein per unit of dry matter accumulated, regression analyses were made and adjusted at linear models with protein content as dependent variable and dry matter yield as independent. There were effects (P < 0.001) of the fertility condition, pasture variety and cut age for the variables. There was higher dry matter yield (266.34 g m-2) in the nonlimiting fertility than in the limiting conditions (218.08 g m-2). It was observed that the content of crude protein diminished as the yield of dry matter was increased, being higher the content of protein per unit of dry matter accumulated in non-limiting fertility conditions. In both conditions, Brachiaria decumbens, B. brizantha and B. brizantha x B. ruziziensis cv Mulato had the best performance because they reached the highest content of protein per unit of dry matter accumulated and a higher yield of dry matter. (2)Toxicity None reported, but may cause skin photosensitization .

(1)Juárez-Hernández, J., E.D. Bolaños and M. Reinoso. 2004. Content of protein per unit of dry matter accumulated in tropical pastures. Winter. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science 38(4): 415-422. (2)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

4.06

(1)Pests and diseases Cv. Mulato has partial resistance to spittlebugs. In the ongoing breeding program at CIAT, a group of hybrids has been identified with high levels of antibiosis resistance to spittlebugs Aeneolamia varia, A. reducta, and Zulia carbonaria, whilst another group of hybrids showed field resistance to Z. pubescens and Mahanarva trifissa.

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

4.07

Unknown

4.08

(1)Mulato grass resists burnings and drought, and tolerates the spittlebug. (2)Burning is not recommended, but 'Mulato' will probably recover from an occasional fire.

(1)http://wiseseed.net/specialty_seeds.html [Accessed 15 Oct 2009] (2)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

4.09

(1)Light Likely to be similar to B. brizantha, having intermediate shade tolerance compared with other tropical grasses.

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

4.10

(1)Limitations: Low yield of pure live seed. Viability of crude seed is poor. High soil fertility requirements. (2)Mulato is ideally suited to moderately fertile to fertile soils, in intensive livestock systems or in crop pasture rotations. It does not grow well in very infertile soils or waterlogged areas.

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009] (2)http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/forrajes/pdf/grasses_legumes_2004_4.pdf [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

4.11

(1)Perennial with a semi-erect growth habit, spreading by rooting from lower culm nodes. Leaf blade is linear-triangular in shape, broad, dark green, both abaxial and adaxial surfaces densely covered with long hairs. Leaf sheath is densely pubescent. Ligule membranociliate, short. Stigmas pink. Inflorescence is a panicle 12 cm long, with 4–8 racemes about 6 cm long, and spikelets arranged in two rows on each raceme .

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

4.12

(1)Unknown outside of agricultural settings

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Juárez-Hernández, J., E.D. Bolaños and M. Reinoso. 2004. Content of protein per unit of dry matter accumulated in tropical pastures. Winter. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science 38(4): 415-422.

5.02

(1)Poaceae

(1)Juárez-Hernández, J., E.D. Bolaños and M. Reinoso. 2004. Content of protein per unit of dry matter accumulated in tropical pastures. Winter. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science 38(4): 415-422.

5.03

(1)Poaceae

(1)Juárez-Hernández, J., E.D. Bolaños and M. Reinoso. 2004. Content of protein per unit of dry matter accumulated in tropical pastures. Winter. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science 38(4): 415-422.

5.04

(1)Perennial with a semi-erect growth habit, spreading by rooting from lower culm nodes. Leaf blade is linear-triangular in shape, broad, dark green, both abaxial and adaxial surfaces densely covered with long hairs. Leaf sheath is densely pubescent. Ligule membranociliate, short. Stigmas pink. Inflorescence is a panicle 12 cm long, with 4–8 racemes about 6 cm long, and spikelets arranged in two rows on each raceme .

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

6.01

(1)Does not occur naturally.

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

6.02

(1)Cv. Mulato can be planted from seed planted into a well-prepared seedbed at 4–6 kg/ha seed. In common with B. brizantha, freshly harvested ‘Mulato’ seed will remain dormant for several months, so that seed must be stored or acid-scarified prior to planting. Can be planted vegetatively from stolon cuttings. Establishes rapidly, achieving 85% ground cover at 2 months after seeding at 5 sites in Honduras. Can be lightly grazed after 3–4 months. (2)Seed production Poor and not recommended at farm level...Limitations: Low yield of pure live seed. Viability of crude seed is poor. High soil fertility requirements. (3)One limiting characteristic of Brachiaria hybrid cv Mulato is its low seed yields (<180 kg/hectare_. A new Brachiaria hybrid (Mulato 2), which is agronomically very similar to Mulato except that it produces double the seed yields, has been developed by CIAT. [possible, but seed viability low]

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009] (2)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009] (3)http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/forrajes/pdf/grasses_legumes_2004_4.pdf [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

6.03

(1)Hybridization in the genus Brachiaria is not easy due to ploidy differences among accessions and species, and to reproduction by apomixis (apospory). Most accessions in the genus are polyploid, mainly tetraploid and apomictic. Sexuality is found among diploids. Accessions at the same ploidy level are required in hybridization to overcome the sterility barrier. In this case sexual diploid accessions are tetraploidized and used as female genitors (do Valle & Savidan, 1996; Miles et al., 2004). (2)A new attempt for hybridization in Brachiaria was done by Lutts et al. (1991) crossed again B. ruziziensis with B. decumbens and B. brizantha. Based on hybrid seed set and viability of hybrid seedlings and chromosome pairing of hybrids, they found that B. ruziziensis was more closely related to B. decumbens than to B. brizantha...In two half-sib hybrids between B. ruziziensis and B. brizantha (Risso-Pascotto et al., 2005b), more than 65% of pollen grains were sterile due to irregular chromosome segregation, chromosome stickiness, and abnormal cytokinesis. In another hybrid between B. ruziziensis x B. brizantha, Risso- Pascotto et al. (2004) showed that asynchronous meiosis was the cause of pollen sterility. (3)Does not occur naturally.

(1)Risso-Pascotto, C., M. S. Pagliarini, & C. Borges do Valle. 2005. Meiotic behavior in interspecific hybrids between Brachiaria ruziziensis and Brachiaria brizantha (Poaceae). Euphytica 145: 155–159. (2)Mendes-Bonato, A. B., M. S. Pagliarini, and C. Borges do Valle. 2007. Meiotic Arrest Compromises Pollen Fertility in an Interspecific Hybrid between Brachiaria ruziziensis x Brachiaria decumbens (Poaceae: Paniceae). BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY 50(5): 831-837. (3)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

6.04

(1)The Brachiaria hybrid, known as Mulato, combines the best qualities of its parents, Brachiaria ruziziensis and Brachiaria brizantha, into one plant. That is, it has both excellent dry season tolerance and produces higher quality feed than most Brachiaria varieties. Most significantly, whilst it is a hybrid, a peculiarity of the reproductive biology of the Brachiaria genus (apomixis) means that the seed collected from this hybrid remains true to the parent. Thus, it is a hybrid that does not lock smallholder farmers into regularly buying seed from large companies, as is the case with most hybrid crops, such as hybrid corn.

(1)http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/forrajes/pdf/grasses_legumes_2004_4.pdf [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

6.05

(1)Poaceae wind-pollinated

(1)Zomlefer, W.B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC.

6.06

(1)Can be planted vegetatively from stolon cuttings...Ability to spread Spreads rapidly by rooting from lower culm nodes.

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

6.07

(1)Perennial with a semi-erect growth habit, spreading by rooting from lower culm nodes. Leaf blade is linear-triangular in shape, broad, dark green, both abaxial and adaxial surfaces densely covered with long hairs. Leaf sheath is densely pubescent. Ligule membranociliate, short. Stigmas pink. Inflorescence is a panicle 12 cm long, with 4–8 racemes about 6 cm long, and spikelets arranged in two rows on each raceme .

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

7.01

(1)Seed production Poor and not recommended at farm level...Limitations: Low yield of pure live seed. Viability of crude seed is poor. High soil fertility requirements. [no evidence of inadvertent seed spread] (2)One limiting characteristic of Brachiaria hybrid cv Mulato is its low seed yields (<180 kg/hectare_. A new Brachiaria hybrid (Mulato 2), which is agronomically very similar to Mulato except that it produces double the seed yields, has been developed by CIAT.

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009] (2)http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/forrajes/pdf/grasses_legumes_2004_4.pdf [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

7.02

(1)In 2003 a plot of Mulato grass (Brachiaria hybrid cv Mulato; produced at CIAT as the result of 14 years of research, being a cross between Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu and B.ruziziensis 44-6; see <Grupo Papalotla>) was established for evaluation and multiplication on the Government Farm. Vegetative cuttings are being used to establish additional areas. (2)Derived from an initial cross made in 1988 between a tetraploid B. ruziziensis , clone 44-6 (sexual reproduction) and B. brizantha cv. Marandú (tetraploid, apomictic seed production). Tested for agronomic performance in small-plot field trials and regional trials in Colombia, and has also been widely distributed through CIAT’s regional trial network for adaptational/agronomic testing in Central America, Philippines and China. Final selection was based on tolerance of high soil aluminium, plant vigour, DM production and forage quality.

(1)http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/agpc/doc/Counprof/southpacific/Vanuatu.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009] (2)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

7.03

(1)Seed production Poor and not recommended at farm level...Limitations: Low yield of pure live seed. Viability of crude seed is poor. High soil fertility requirements. (2)In southern Florida, stargrass, bermudagrass, limpograss (hemarthria), and Mulato grass (Brachiaria hybrid) can also be used for hay. [possible if grown with other forage grasses, or used in hay production, but no evidence to date]

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009] (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/AA/AA25100.pdf [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

7.04

(1)Seed production Poor and not recommended at farm level...Limitations: Low yield of pure live seed. Viability of crude seed is poor. High soil fertility requirements. (2)One limiting characteristic of Brachiaria hybrid cv Mulato is its low seed yields (<180 kg/hectare_. A new Brachiaria hybrid (Mulato 2), which is agronomically very similar to Mulato except that it produces double the seed yields, has been developed by CIAT. [possible, but seed viability low]

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009] (2)http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/forrajes/pdf/grasses_legumes_2004_4.pdf [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

7.05

(1)Seed production Poor and not recommended at farm level...Limitations: Low yield of pure live seed. Viability of crude seed is poor. High soil fertility requirements. [no evidence of seed dispersal by water] (2)One limiting characteristic of Brachiaria hybrid cv Mulato is its low seed yields (<180 kg/hectare_. A new Brachiaria hybrid (Mulato 2), which is agronomically very similar to Mulato except that it produces double the seed yields, has been developed by CIAT.

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009] (2)http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/forrajes/pdf/grasses_legumes_2004_4.pdf [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

7.06

(1)Seed production Poor and not recommended at farm level...Limitations: Low yield of pure live seed. Viability of crude seed is poor. High soil fertility requirements. [no evidence that birds would disperse seeds]

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

7.07

(1)Seed production Poor and not recommended at farm level...Limitations: Low yield of pure live seed. Viability of crude seed is poor. High soil fertility requirements. [no evidence or means of external attachment]

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

7.08

(1)Mulato grass is the first commercially available Brachiaria hybrid. Superior in quality and productivity, no other tropical grass offers livestock producers more benefits in terms of milk and beef yields. [unknown if viable seed can survive digestive tract of cattle or other animals]

(1)http://wiseseed.net/specialty_seeds.html [Accessed 15 Oct 2009]

8.01

(1)Seed production Poor and not recommended at farm level...Limitations: Low yield of pure live seed. Viability of crude seed is poor. High soil fertility requirements. (2)One limiting characteristic of Brachiaria hybrid cv Mulato is its low seed yields (<180 kg/hectare_. A new Brachiaria hybrid (Mulato 2), which is agronomically very similar to Mulato except that it produces double the seed yields, has been developed by CIAT.

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009] (2)http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/forrajes/pdf/grasses_legumes_2004_4.pdf [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

8.02

(1)Cv. Mulato can be planted from seed planted into a well-prepared seedbed at 4–6 kg/ha seed. In common with B. brizantha, freshly harvested ‘Mulato’ seed will remain dormant for several months, so that seed must be stored or acid-scarified prior to planting. [unknown]

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

8.03

(1)Herbicide effects No information available.

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

8.04

(1)A vigorous, tillering forage grass, with stoloniferous growth, Mulato grass has excellent forage production, abundant foliage, vigorous regrowth (whether cut or grazed), and excellent palatability. (2)Defoliation Tolerates intensive grazing at high stocking rates but benefits from a rest period.

(1)http://wiseseed.net/specialty_seeds.html [Accessed 15 Oct 2009] (2)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_spp._hybrids.htm [Accessed 16 Oct 2009]

8.05

Unknown