Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Bougainvillea glabra; paperflower

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?7511 (28 February 2002)

Distributional range:
Native:
Southern America: Brazil - Bahia, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo

2.02

2.03

Dave's Garden, Inc. (2000, 2001, 2002) The plants database <http://plantsdatabase.com/go/2318/>

Hardy from USDA Zone 9 to USDA Zone 10 2)Overwatering can also cause root rot which can be fatal Always test the soil by feeling. If moist, don’t water.

2.04

Cite as: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?7511 (28 February 2002)

Distributional range:
Native:
Southern America: Brazil - Bahia, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo

2.05

Dave's Garden, Inc. (2000, 2001, 2002) The plants database <http://plantsdatabase.com/go/2318/>

". Most bougainvillea sold today are hybrids between B glabra and B spectabalis."

3.01

1)Long and Lakela. A flora of tropical Florida 2) Wagner et al. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands 3) http://nzflora.landcare.cri.nz/plantnames/

1) abandond home sites, not naturalized in Florida 2) Hawai‘i, not naturalized 3) New Zealand naturalized(??) (All other sources from New Zealand indicate NOT naturalized)

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Dave's Garden, Inc. (2000, 2001, 2002) The plants database <http://plantsdatabase.com/go/2318/>

"Bougainvillea is a thorny vine, up to 20 feet long."

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

http://www.smgrowers.com/resources/deer.asp

moderately browsed by deer

4.05

no evidence

4.06

Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory (SBML), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. (2002) Systematic Botany and Mycology Fungal databases <http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/databaseframe.cfm>

Alternaria tenuissima
Cercospora bougainvilleae
Cercosporidium bougainvilleae
Colletotrichum sp.
Fusarium oxysporum
Perenniporia tenuis
Phaeoseptoria bougainvilleae
Phoma sp.
Phomopsis bougainvilleae
Phomopsis sp.
Phytophthora parasitica

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence, but dried thickets are presumably flammable

4.09

http://www.armstronggarden.com/caresheets/caresheet_bougainvillea.html 2)http://www.ces.uga.edu/Agriculture/horticulture/vines.htm

Bougainvilleas thrive in hot, sunny areas in the garden 2)full sun/ partial shade

4.1

(1) Asha Rajvanshi; Srivastava, M. M. (1991) Evaluation of particulate pollution around the lime kilns and its impact on plants. Environment and Ecology, 1991, Vol.9, No.1, pp.141-144, 18 ref.
AB: The results from a site 3 km north of Dehra Dun, Uttar Pradesh, are presented. The rate of fall of both settleable and suspended particulates had peak values in the summer months. Spectral analysis showed that particulate lime was mainly composed of metallic oxides. Injurious effects were recorded for a number of plant species growing around the industrial area, namely Psidium guajava [guava], Citrus maxima [pummelo], Chrysanthemum coronarium, Bougainvillea glabra, Murraya koenigii, Nerium odorum [N. oleander ], Litchi chinensis, Triticum aestivum [wheat] and Mangifera indica [mangoes]. It is suggested that the particulate lime deposition alters the quality and quantity of light incident on the leaf surface and thus affects chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis and growth.

LIMESTONE: (1) AB: The results from a site 3 km north of Dehra Dun, Uttar Pradesh, are presented. The rate of fall of both settleable and suspended particulates had peak values in the summer months. Spectral analysis showed that particulate lime was mainly composed of metallic oxides. Injurious effects were recorded for a number of plant species growing around the industrial area, namely Psidium guajava [guava], Citrus maxima [pummelo], Chrysanthemum coronarium, Bougainvillea glabra, Murraya koenigii, Nerium odorum [N. oleander ], Litchi chinensis, Triticum aestivum [wheat] and Mangifera indica [mangoes]. It is suggested that the particulate lime deposition alters the quality and quantity of light incident on the leaf surface and thus affects chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis and growth.

4.11

Dave's Garden, Inc. (2000, 2001, 2002) The plants database <http://plantsdatabase.com/go/2318/>

"Bougainvillea is a thorny vine, up to 20 feet long."

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial vine

5.02

woody vine

5.03

no evidence

5.04

woody vine

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Gordon Braswell (email: bythewood@altavista.net) (2002). Bougainvillea Info Page: Botanical Bougainvillea <http://bougainvillea.freeyellow.com/prime.html#seed>

Seed of bougainvillea is available in some parts of the world.

6.03

Brijendra Singh (1990) The multiform bougainvilleas are a landscape-artist's obvious choice. Indian Horticulture, 1990, Vol.35, No.1, pp.30-32

"AB: About 300 cultivars (150 of which were bred in India) have been derived from 4 species, viz. Bougainvillea peruviana, B. glabra, B. x buttiana and B. spectabilis, through hybridization and natural or induced mutation. Indian-raised cultivars are listed in categories for growing as climbers, bushes, hedges, standards and pot plants and are also grouped under bract colour. Advice is given on siting, vegetative propagation and cultural requirements. "

6.04

no evidence

6.05

http://bougainvillea.freeyellow.com/prime.html#seed

long, narrow corrola tube.1) "the natural pollination for B. glabra is very low"

6.06

no evidence

6.07

R.Criley, UH Department of Horticulture, Personal Communication (rarely produces seeds)

no evidence

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Brijendra Singh (1990) The multiform bougainvilleas are a landscape-artist's obvious choice. Indian Horticulture, 1990, Vol.35, No.1, pp.30-32

"AB: About 300 cultivars (150 of which were bred in India) have been derived from 4 species, viz. Bougainvillea peruviana, B. glabra, B. x buttiana and B. spectabilis, through hybridization and natural or induced mutation. Indian-raised cultivars are listed in categories for growing as climbers, bushes, hedges, standards and pot plants and are also grouped under bract colour. Advice is given on siting, vegetative propagation and cultural requirements. "

7.03

no evidence

7.04

dehiscent capsule, but no papus

7.05

no evidence

7.06

no evidence

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence

8.01

http://bougainvillea.freeyellow.com/prime.html#seed

"it is not easy to get seed to set:"

8.02

Gordon Braswell (email: bythewood@altavista.net) (2002). Bougainvillea Info Page: Botanical Bougainvillea <http://bougainvillea.freeyellow.com/prime.html#seed>

"If you are lucky enough to get a bougainvillea hybird to set seed, it should take about 30 days for the pod to ripen and then germination is fairly quick and easy. Seed are reported to be viable for up to a year or more."

8.03

no evidence

8.04

http://www.gotostcroix.com/flora/index.htm

can withstand drought as well as heavy pruning.

8.05

Raabe, R., Conner, I.C., and A.P. Martinez (1981) Checklist of plant disease in Hawaii. Hawaii Institute of the Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Colledge of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii. Information text series 022. 313pp. page 30 2)http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/pubstat.asp?pubid=IP-2.pdf

Cercospora bougainvilleae; leaf spot, 2) looper (caterpillar) attacks leaves.