Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Bolusanthus speciosus (Lonchocarpus speciosus ); Rhodesian-wisteria-tree, wisteria tree

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-6

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

List of countries with natural populations
Africa: Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe

2.02

2.03

(1)http://www.worldplants.com/bolusanthus.htm (2)http://www.kirstenbosch.co.za/climrep/7.htm

(1)As an outdoor plant, it would be useful probably only in Florida, since it likes hot, wet summers and dry winters. (2)Lowland savanna plant

2.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

List of countries with natural populations
Africa: Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe

2.05

(1)http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/4850.shtml (2)http://www.rancidsawdust.com/austral.htm

(1) Africa: Kenya, Malawi, Uganda
Asia: India
Pacific Ocean: Northern Marianas (2)Seeds for sale in Australia

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

http://www.worldplants.com/bolusanthus.htm

Bolusanthus speciosus is the only member of its genus

4.01

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/bolusanthspec.htm

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/bolusanthspec.htm

Ecological value
Animals including monkeys, gemsbok, giraffe and grey duiker eat the pods and leaves.

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

deciduous tree in dry habitat [single-trunked tree, low fire risk]

4.09

(1) http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/bolusanthspec.htm
(2) http://www.rareflora.com/bolusanthussp.htm

(1) Bolusanthus speciosus is widespread in wooded grasslands in southern Africa
(2) LIGHT : full sun

4.1

(1)http://gardening.worldonline.co.za/0016.htm (2)http://www.saweb.co.za/botany/garden/species/32.html

(1)Grow in moderately fertile, well-drained soil. (2)does best in a sunny location in sandy soils.

4.11

http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/4850.shtml

Stems: Not climbing

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Fabaceae

5.03

Sutherland, J. M.; McInroy, S. G.; James, E. K.; Naisbitt, T. (1994) Nodule structure with special reference to the tribes Sophoreae, Genisteae and Thermopsideae. Advances in legume systematics. Sprent, J. I.; McKey, D. (eds) Part 5: the nitrogen factor., 1994, pp.41-55, 16 ref.

AB: "Nitrogen fixing nodules from 123 species in 20 tribes were examined by light and electron microscopy. Some species displayed bacteroids contained in thin-walled threads (TWTs), thin-walled packets (TWPs) or irregular threads (ITs)"; "TWPs occurred in four tribes and may have been confused with the matrix packet type which, in Bolusanthus speciosus , was Rhizobium strain dependent."

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

http://www.up.ac.za/academic/botany/garden/species/32.html

Propagation is from seed, which should be soaked beforehand in hot water for several hours before sowing.

6.03

http://www.worldplants.com/bolusanthus.htm

Bolusanthus speciosus is the only member of its genus

6.04

no evidence

6.05

http://www.kirstenbosch.co.za/climrep/7.htm

(1) Attracts butterflies [typical fabaceae flower]

6.06

http://www.up.ac.za/academic/botany/garden/species/32.html

Propagation is from seed, which should be soaked beforehand in hot water for several hours before sowing.

6.07

(1)http://www.kirstenbosch.co.za/climrep/7.htm (2)http://www.rancidsawdust.com/austral.htm (3)http://www.banana-tree.com/Seedsa2e.htm

(1)fairly fast growing (2)slow growing small tree (3)Slow growing [minimum for a medium/slow growing tree]

7.01

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/bolusanthspec.htm

no evidence

7.02

(1)http://www.rareflora.com/bolusanthussp.htm; http://www.sandemanseeds.com/acatalog/Sandeman_Seeds_Bolusanthus_635.html (2)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/bolusanthspec.htm

plant and seeds were sold (2)The wood, which is highly sought after by carpenters, makes excellent furniture. It works well on a lathe, turning out beautiful lampshades and other articles. The straight growing stems are very hard, termite resistant and used for fencing posts.

7.03

no evidence

7.04

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/bolusanthspec.htm

Flowers are followed by papery, brown fruit pods, that hang from the branches in clusters, and never split to release their seeds

7.05

unlikely, native habitat is dry land

7.06

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/bolusanthspec.htm

fruit a woody pod

7.07

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/bolusanthspec.htm

smooth pods which don't open

7.08

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/bolusanthspec.htm

'Animals including monkeys, gemsbok, giraffe and grey duiker eat the pods and leaves.' [presumably consuming seeds in the process]

8.01

http://www.up.ac.za/academic/botany/garden/species/32.html

The fruit is a flat, narrow, greyish, pointed pod, up to 100 mm long.

8.02

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/bolusanthspec.htm

To propagate place the seeds in hot water and soak overnight. Sow the seeds in containers filled with river sand, covering lightly with finer sand. Remember that the sowing depth should not be deeper than the diameter of the seed. The seeds germinate quickly and can be transplanted after the second leaf has emerged. [probably yes, may have thick seed coat that need to be treated before sowing ]

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence