Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. Family - Zingiberaceae. Common Names -Chinese-keys. Synonym(s) - Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.), Curcuma rotunda L. (basionym), Gastrochilus panduratus (Roxb.) Ridl., Kaempferia pandurata Roxb.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

-2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

1

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to: China - Yunnan; Indochina; Thailand; Malaysia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?100983 [Cited 2009 April 24].

2.02

(1) Native to: China - Yunnan; Indochina; Thailand; Malaysia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?100983 [Cited 2009 April 24].

2.03

(1) Dense forests: ca 1000m. (2) USDA Hardiness zones: 8-10. (3) In mixed deciduous or evergreen forests, on limestone hill or along stream, from sea-level up to 1200 m. [elevation range >1000 m]

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028353 [Cited 2009 April 24]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6FdPZsc3ZiQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA4&dq=boesenbergia+rotunda
+%2B+%22pathogen%22&ots=Z6VbT5L5JM&sig=QTQ9k2pAEFkjIipyz5JgCiCF-1c#PPA31,M1 [Cited 2009 April 24]. (3) Sirirugsa P. 1992. A revision of the genus Boesenbergia Kuntze (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 40:67-90.

2.04

(1) Native to: China - Yunnan; Indochina; Thailand; Malaysia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?100983 [Cited 2009 April 24].

2.05

(1) Boesenbergia rotunda is cultivated from India and Sri Lanka to Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam. It is also an important food and spice plant in central Asian countries, Russia and Hungary.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6FdPZsc3ZiQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA4&dq=boesenbergia+rotunda
+%2B+%22pathogen%22&ots=Z6VbT5L5JM&sig=QTQ9k2pAEFkjIipyz5JgCiCF-1c#PPA30,M1 [Cited 2009 April 24].

3.01

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Cited 2009 April 28].

3.02

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Cited 2009 April 28].

3.03

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Cited 2009 April 28].

3.04

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Cited 2009 April 28].

3.05

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Cited 2009 April 28].

4.01

(1) Plants to 50 cm. Rhizomes bright yellow, ovoid-globose, strongly aromatic; roots robust. Leaves 3 or 4; leaf sheath red; ligule 2-cleft, ca. 5 mm; petiole 7--16 cm, channeled; leaf blade green on both surfaces, ovate-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 25--50 × 7--12 cm, glabrous except for sparsely hairy midvein abaxially, base rounded to cuneate, apex apiculate. Inflorescences terminal on pseudostems, appearing from within apical leaf sheaths, subsessile, 3--7 cm; bracts lanceolate, 4--5 cm. Flowers aromatic. Calyx 1.5--2 cm, apex 2-cleft. Corolla pink; corolla tube 4.5--5.5 cm; lobes oblong, 1.5--2 cm. Lateral staminodes light pink, obovate, ca. 1.5 cm. Labellum white or pink with purple stripe, fiddle-shaped, 2.5--3.5 cm, concave, margin slightly crisped, apex entire. Filament short; connective appendage reflexed, 2-cleft, 1--3 mm. Fl. Jul--Aug. 2 n = 36*.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028353 [Cited 2009 April 24].

4.02

(1) No evidence.

(1) Sirirugsa P. 1992. A revision of the genus Boesenbergia Kuntze (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 40:67-90.

4.03

(1) Plants to 50 cm. Rhizomes bright yellow, ovoid-globose, strongly aromatic; roots robust. Leaves 3 or 4; leaf sheath red; ligule 2-cleft, ca. 5 mm; petiole 7--16 cm, channeled; leaf blade green on both surfaces, ovate-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 25--50 × 7--12 cm, glabrous except for sparsely hairy midvein abaxially, base rounded to cuneate, apex apiculate. Inflorescences terminal on pseudostems, appearing from within apical leaf sheaths, subsessile, 3--7 cm; bracts lanceolate, 4--5 cm. Flowers aromatic. Calyx 1.5--2 cm, apex 2-cleft. Corolla pink; corolla tube 4.5--5.5 cm; lobes oblong, 1.5--2 cm. Lateral staminodes light pink, obovate, ca. 1.5 cm. Labellum white or pink with purple stripe, fiddle-shaped, 2.5--3.5 cm, concave, margin slightly crisped, apex entire. Filament short; connective appendage reflexed, 2-cleft, 1--3 mm. Fl. Jul--Aug. 2 n = 36*.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028353 [Cited 2009 April 24].

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity in TOXNET.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 April 28]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 April 28].

4.06

No evidence. (1) No pests have been noticed.

(1) Staples G., Kristiansen M.S. 1999. Ethnic Culinary Herbs. A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai‘i. University of Hawaii Press. USA.

4.07

(1) Rhizomes have numerous medicinal uses. The rhizome and roots are used fresh or dried to add a spicy, aromatic flavor to food. (2) Boesenbergia rotunda is commonly used in Southeast Asia as a food ingredient, a folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases such as aphthous ulcer, dry mouth, stomach discomfort, leucorrhea and dysentery. The rhizomes are given as tonics, to women in mixtures after childbirth; added into lotions for rheumatism and muscular pains, and into pastes for application to the body after confinement.

(1) Staples G., Kristiansen M.S. 1999. Ethnic Culinary Herbs. A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai‘i. University of Hawai‘i Press. USA. (2) Ching, A. Y. L., Wah, T.S., Sukari, M.A., Lian, G.E.C., Rahmani, M., Khalid, K. (2007). "Characterization of flavonoid derivatives from Boesenbergia rotunda (L.)." The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences 11(1): 154-159.

4.08

(1) Plants to 50 cm. Rhizomes bright yellow, ovoid-globose, strongly aromatic; roots robust. Leaves 3 or 4; leaf sheath red; ligule 2-cleft, ca. 5 mm; petiole 7--16 cm, channeled; leaf blade green on both surfaces, ovate-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 25--50 × 7--12 cm, glabrous except for sparsely hairy midvein abaxially, base rounded to cuneate, apex apiculate. Inflorescences terminal on pseudostems, appearing from within apical leaf sheaths, subsessile, 3--7 cm; bracts lanceolate, 4--5 cm. Flowers aromatic. Calyx 1.5--2 cm, apex 2-cleft. Corolla pink; corolla tube 4.5--5.5 cm; lobes oblong, 1.5--2 cm. Lateral staminodes light pink, obovate, ca. 1.5 cm. Labellum white or pink with purple stripe, fiddle-shaped, 2.5--3.5 cm, concave, margin slightly crisped, apex entire. Filament short; connective appendage reflexed, 2-cleft, 1--3 mm. Fl. Jul--Aug. 2 n = 36*.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028353 [Cited 2009 April 24].

4.09

(1) Partial to full shade. (2) Partial sunlight.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/49521/ [Cited 2009 April 24]. (2) Staples G., Kristiansen M.S. 1999. Ethnic Culinary Herbs. A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai‘i. University of Hawaii Press. USA.

4.10

(1) Can grow in almost all types of soil, but grows best in sandy soil. (2) Occurs on limestone hills.

(1) http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=3750 [Cited 2009 April 24]. (2) Sirirugsa P. 1992. A revision of the genus Boesenbergia Kuntze (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 40:67-90.

4.11

(1) An erect terrestrial small herb up to 60 cm in height, almost stem less, with subterranean, thickened, swollen roots. Perennial.

(1) http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=3750 [Cited 2009 April 24].

4.12

(1) An erect terrestrial small herb up to 60 cm in height, almost stem less, with subterranean, thickened, swollen roots. Perennial.

(1) http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=3750 [Cited 2009 April 24].

5.01

(1) An erect terrestrial small herb up to 60 cm in height, almost stem less, with subterranean, thickened, swollen roots. Perennial.

(1) http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=3750 [Cited 2009 April 24].

5.02

(1) Zingiberaceae

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?100983 [Cited 2009 April 24].

5.03

(1) Zingiberaceae. Herbaceous. Plants to 50 cm. Rhizomes bright yellow, ovoid-globose, strongly aromatic; roots robust. Leaves 3 or 4; leaf sheath red; ligule 2-cleft, ca. 5 mm; petiole 7--16 cm, channeled; leaf blade green on both surfaces, ovate-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 25--50 × 7--12 cm, glabrous except for sparsely hairy midvein abaxially, base rounded to cuneate, apex apiculate. Inflorescences terminal on pseudostems, appearing from within apical leaf sheaths, subsessile, 3--7 cm; bracts lanceolate, 4--5 cm. Flowers aromatic. Calyx 1.5--2 cm, apex 2-cleft. Corolla pink; corolla tube 4.5--5.5 cm; lobes oblong, 1.5--2 cm. Lateral staminodes light pink, obovate, ca. 1.5 cm. Labellum white or pink with purple stripe, fiddle-shaped, 2.5--3.5 cm, concave, margin slightly crisped, apex entire. Filament short; connective appendage reflexed, 2-cleft, 1--3 mm. Fl. Jul--Aug. 2 n = 36*.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028353 [Cited 2009 April 24].

5.04

(1) Propagation by dividing the rootball, rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/49521/ [Cited 2009 April 24].

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Not known if seed is viable. (2) Seed is rarely used for propagation.

(1) Staples G., Kristiansen M.S. 1999. Ethnic Culinary Herbs. A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai‘i. University of Hawaii Press. USA. (2) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6FdPZsc3ZiQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA4&dq=boesenbergia++rotunda
+%2B+%22herbicide%22&ots=Z6VbW8K8MT&sig=-h15UV0uJuQhC5xrdJl1wthxV0A#PPA31,M1 [Cited 2009 April 28].

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown

6.05

Unknown

6.06

(1) Propagation by dividing the rootball, rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs. (2) Rhizomes can be dug up with a spading fork and divided for replanting.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/49521/ [Cited 2009 April 24]. (2) Staples G., Kristiansen M.S. 1999. Ethnic Culinary Herbs. A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai‘i. University of Hawaii Press. USA.

6.07

(1) Rapidly develops into a mature plant (within one season).

(1) Staples G., Kristiansen M.S. 1999. Ethnic Culinary Herbs. A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai‘i. University of Hawaii Press. USA.

7.01

(1) Requires a sheltered situation to thrive. (2) Grows in mixed deciduous or evergreen forests, on limestone hill or along stream.

(1) Staples G., Kristiansen M.S. 1999. Ethnic Culinary Herbs. A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai‘i. University of Hawai‘i Press. USA. (2) Sirirugsa P. 1992. A revision of the genus Boesenbergia Kuntze (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 40:67-90.

7.02

(1) Widely cultivated in Southeast Asia in small scale, subsistence farming systems.

(1) http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=3750 [Cited 2009 April 24].

7.03

(1) Fruit a dehiscent capsule, crowned by the persistent calyx.

(1) Staples G., Kristiansen M.S. 1999. Ethnic Culinary Herbs. A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai‘i. University of Hawai‘i Press. USA.

7.04

No adaptations for wind dispersal. (1) Fruit a dehiscent capsule, crowned by the persistent calyx.

(1) Staples G., Kristiansen M.S. 1999. Ethnic Culinary Herbs. A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai‘i. University of Hawai‘i Press. USA.

7.05

(1) Fruit a dehiscent capsule, crowned by the persistent calyx.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=jbsdYHEJiDIC&oi=fnd&pg=PP15&dq=boesenbergia+rotunda
+%2B+%22pest%22&ots=I5oErl0Cgx&sig=N69ldYUUkyzk5omPIcEfWY0ECTw#PPA18,M1 [Cited 2009 April 24].

7.06

(1) Fruit a dehiscent capsule, crowned by the persistent calyx.

(1) Staples G., Kristiansen M.S. 1999. Ethnic Culinary Herbs. A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai‘i. University of Hawai‘i Press. USA.

7.07

No means of attachment. (1) Fruit a dehiscent capsule, crowned by the persistent calyx.

(1) Staples G., Kristiansen M.S. 1999. Ethnic Culinary Herbs. A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai‘i. University of Hawai‘i Press. USA.

7.08

(1) Fruit a dehiscent capsule, crowned by the persistent calyx. [seeds not consumed]

(1) Staples G., Kristiansen M.S. 1999. Ethnic Culinary Herbs. A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai‘i. University of Hawaii Press. USA.

8.01

(1) Deciduous perennial herb ca. 20 inches tall. Inflorescence terminal on the leafy shoot, barely visible among the leaves; bracts in two ranks, each subtending a single flower. [seeds are rare]

(1) Staples G., Kristiansen M.S. 1999. Ethnic Culinary Herbs. A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai‘i. University of Hawai‘i Press. USA.

8.02

Unknown [seeds rare]

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1) Propagation by dividing the rootball, rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs. (2) Rhizomes can be dug up with a spading fork and divided for replanting.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/49521/ [Cited 2009 April 24]. (2) Staples G., Kristiansen M.S. 1999. Ethnic Culinary Herbs. A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai‘i. University of Hawai'i Press. USA.

8.05

Unknown