Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Bischofia javanica (bishopwood)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)Naturalized and spreading on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. (2)Reported as naturalized in Dade County near Homestead in 1971 (Long and Lakela), as becoming a "weed tree" in south Florida in 1974 (Morton), and as invading hammocks (Morton 1976). (3) Naturalized and invasive on Bonin Islands in the western Pacific.

(1)Wagner. W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)http://216.239.35.100/search?q=cache:4oTwi_rkiPUC:
www.fleppc.org/pdf/Bischofia%2520javanica.pdf+Bischofia+javanica&hl=en (3)Kushima, H. and Tanaka, N. 2000. Acclimation to sudden increase in light favoring an invasive over native trees in subtropical islands, Japan. Oecologia. 125(3): 412 - 419.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

Native to Indonesia and SE Asia.

Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database.

2.02

2.03

Approximate limits north to south: 38°N to 21°S. Vegetation types: dry forests; deciduous forests; moist forests; savannas; broadleaved evergreen forests; secondary forests; swamps. - Altitude range: 0 - 1800 m

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.04

Native to Indonesia and SE Asia.

Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database.

2.05

Introduced to several countries.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.01

(1)Naturalized and spreading on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. (2)Reported as naturalized in Dade County near Homestead in 1971 (Long and Lakela), as becoming a "weed tree" in south Florida in 1974 (Morton), and as invading hammocks (Morton 1976). (3) Naturalized and invasive on Bonin Islands in the western Pacific.

(1)Wagner. W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)http://216.239.35.100/search?q=cache:4oTwi_rkiPUC:
www.fleppc.org/pdf/Bischofia%2520javanica.pdf+Bischofia+javani
ca&hl=en (3)http://ss.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/labs/bonin/Abstract_1st.html

3.02

'...the tree was outgrowing its alloted space in home gardens, that it has aggressive, far reaching surface roots, also .that branches that bear fruit die back and in succeeding years other branches fruit and die back, leaving large gaps in the crown an the tree becomes progressively more unsightly.' The tree is considered a nuisance species by nursery growers.

Morton, J. 1985. Nobody loves the Bischofia anumore. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticulture Society. 97: 241 - 244.

3.03

No evidence

3.04

(1)There is also concern that the species has the potential to invade native plant communities when planted outside of its natural range. (2) It invades native woodlands in Florida and is considered invasive. (3)"The tree readily invades undisturbed hardwood forests in Florida, forming dense shade and crowding out native trees. Once the tree is firmly established, seedlings will appear throughout the understory. Bishopwood became a noticeable problem following the destruction of the native hardwood forests in southern Florida by Hurricane Andrew in 1992." (4) Listed on the 1999 list of Florida's most invasive species. Category I–Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Southern Trees. CD-ROM database. (3)http://www.hear.org/pier3/bijav.htm (4)http://www.fleppc.org/99list.htm

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

http://www.hear.org/pier3/bijav.htm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No information

4.05

'Further, apart from being a nuisance aspect as a weed, the tree seems to have harmful properties. In the past few years veterinarians have been reporting illness in several dogs and cats that have chewed on the foliage of small specimens within their reach.'

Morton, J. 1985. Nobody loves the Bischofia anumore. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticulture Society. 97: 241 - 244.

4.06

(1)Pests recorded
Insect pests:
Metanastria hyrtaca
Selepa celtis
Fungus diseases:
Corticium salmonicolor
Glomerella cingulata
Phytoplasmas:
Witches' broom disease Aweb search did not reveal teh above organisms to be recognized pests. (2)This site lists 21 species of fungi to be associated with B. javanica.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

'In Fiji the leaf is eaten or the leaf decoction is imbibed to relieve tonsilitis.' No evidence of allergies or cases of toxicity among humans.

Morton, J. 1985. Nobody loves the Bischofia anumore. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticulture Society. 97: 241 - 244.

4.08

No information regarding fire ecology.

4.09

(1)Tolerates shade. (2)Partial shade or partial sun to full sun. (3) 'Because it can germinate and establish under forest shade and shows an aggressive growth in the canopy gaps …'

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Horticopia A-Z. CD_ROM database. (3)Kushima, H. and Tanaka, N. 2000. Acclimation to sudden increase in light favoring an invasive over native trees in subtropical islands, Japan. Oecologia. 125(3): 412 - 419.

4.1

(1)Soil types: limestone soils; sandy soils; swamp soils (2)Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, tolerates salt, somewhat drought tolerant, flood tolerant.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.11

No evidence - not a vine.

4.12

No evidence.

5.01

A larger deciduous or evergreen tree. (Euphorbiaceae)

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

No evidence

6.02

it can germinate and establish under forest shade

Kushima, H. and Tanaka, N. 2000. Acclimation to sudden increase in light favoring an invasive over native trees in subtropical islands, Japan. Oecologia. 125(3): 412 - 419.

6.03

No information regarding hybridization.

6.04

(1)Flowers small, numerous and dioecious, male flowers scattered or clustered, female flowers with caducous sepals. (2) male and female flowers on separate plants

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/bisjav.pdf

6.05

No direct evidence. Probably not - flowers are greenish white, not showy, but very fragrant.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.06

No evidence that the species propagates vegetatively.

6.07

B. javanica flowers annually from the age of 8 years onwards.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.01

Probably not - the propagules do not have any means of attachment. Also the seed size is relatively larger- about 5 mm long.

7.02

(1) '...the fruit is considered messy and stains walks when it drops to the ground. The seeds often germinate in the landscape and could become a nuisance. Aggressive roots can lift sidewalks if they are planted within a few feet of the walk. ' (2) '...the tree was outgrowing its alloted space in home gardens, that it has aggressive, far reaching surface roots, ...tree becomes progressively more unsightly.'

(1)Horticopia A to Z. CD-ROM database. (2)Morton, J. 1985. Nobody loves the Bischofia anumore. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticulture Society. 97: 241 - 244.

7.03

Probably not as the seeds are relatively large - 5 mm in length.

7.04

7.05

7.06

(1)Seeds distributed by birds. (2)Birds are principally responsible for distributing the seeds into natural areas and seed germination is high.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/bijav.htm  (2)http://www.co.miami-dade.fl.us/derm/environment/badplants/plant%20descriptions/bishopwood.htm

7.07

7.08

No direct evidence -probably yes given the (1) Fruits globose, fleshy, brown or reddish, 10-15 mm diameter, with 3 or 4 cells, 3-4 seeds (oblong, 5 mm long) embedded in a colorless, edible pulp. (2)Fruit pea-sized, berrylike, fleshy, to 9 mm (0.33 in) in diameter, brown or reddish or blue-black, 3-celled.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://216.239.35.100/search?q=cache:4oTwi_rkiPUC:
www.fleppc.org/pdf/Bischofia%2520javanica.pdf+Bischofia+javanica&hl=en

8.01

(1)Fruits globose, fleshy, brown or reddish, 10-15 mm diameter, with 3 or 4 cells, 3-4 seeds (oblong, 5 mm long) embedded in a colorless, edible pulp. (2)Fruit pea-sized, berrylike, fleshy, to 9 mm (0.33 in) in diameter, brown or reddish or blue-black, 3-celled. (3) Produces massive fruit clusters (see photo)

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://216.239.35.100/search?q=cache:4oTwi_rkiPUC:
www.fleppc.org/pdf/Bischofia%2520javanica.pdf+Bischofia+javanica&hl=en (3)http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/bisjav.pdf

8.02

Seed rapidly loses viability after 3 months, although it can be stored for up to 6 months (Luna, 1996).

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.03

Treat basally with a tricopyr herbicide mixed with an oil diluent.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/bijav.htm

8.04

'Eventually the property owner cuts the tree down entirely and like Dr. Simpson, must take drastic steps to overcome vigorous sprouting from the stump.'

Morton, J. 1985. Nobody loves the Bischofia anumore. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticulture Society. 97: 241 - 244.

8.05

(1)Naturalized and spreading on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. (2) 'Histia flabellicornis (Zygaenidae:Lepidoptera) was selected as a biological control agent against an introduced tree, B. javanica. The moth larvae did not eat any native plant except for B. javanica. However, introduction of this moth to the Bonin Islands must be careful.'

(1)Wagner. W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)http://ss.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/labs/bonin/Abstract_1st.html