Bidens pilosa L. Family - Asteraceae. Common Names(s) - cobblers'-pegs, hairy beggar-ticks, Spanish needles, bdent hérissé, bident poilu, herbe d'aiguille, Zweisahn, carrapicho-de-agulha, picão-preto, bidente piloso, mozote. Synonym(s) - Bidens chinensis Willd., Bidens leucantha Willd.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

n

1

Total score:

23

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to: Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenadines, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?7169 [cited 2009 Feb. 26].

2.02

(1) Native to: Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenadines, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?7169 [cited 2009 Feb. 26].

2.03

(1) USDA Hardiness Zones: 7a-10b. (2) Bidens pilosa is known to grow at an altitude of 3,600 m in Peru.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54527/ [cited 2009 Feb. 26]. (2) http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DPI/Vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/invasive_cobblers_pegs#table [cited 2009 March 2].

2.04

(1) Native to: Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenadines, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?7169 [cited 2009 Feb. 26].

2.05

(1) Widely naturalized, exact native range obscure, also in Africa, tropical Asia, Australia, Europe, Macaronesia, New Zealand, & Oceania

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?7169 [cited 2009 Feb. 26].

3.01

(1) Naturalized in Hawaii.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

3.02

(1) Bidens pilosa is found extensively in gardens, pastures, wasteland, fence rows and roadsides.

(1) Reddy, K. N. and M. Singh (1992). "Germination and Emergence of Hairy Beggarticks (Bidens pilosa)." Weed Science 40(2): 195-199.

3.03

(1) A significant agricultural weed of many crop systems. (2) A weed in 31 crops in 40 countries.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plants of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, Oxford, UK. (2) Reddy, K. N. and M. Singh (1992). "Germination and Emergence of Hairy Beggarticks (Bidens pilosa)." Weed Science 40(2): 195-199.

3.04

(1) In natural areas, it may form dense stands that cover large areas and eliminate native vegetation, preventing the establishment of native species.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plants of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, Oxford, UK.

3.05

(1) Bidens cernua L.is a severe agricultual weed in carrot crops of Canada.

(1) Leroux, G. D., D.-L. Benoît, et al. (1996). "Effect of crop rotations on weed control, Bidens cernua and Erigeron canadensis populations, and carrot yields in organic soils." Crop Protection 15(2): 171-178.

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, or burrs.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

4.02

(1) In a field study in Vietnam, Bidens pilosa controlled more than 80% weed density in a rice paddy. Dried leaf matter was used to suppress weed growth.(2) Several studies have shown Bidens pilosa to have strong allelopathic influences. Leaf or root extracts significantly suppressed germination and seedling growth of a number of crops, including, soya beans, mung beans, rice, maize radish, cucumber, lettuce, sorghum and ground nuts (Bhatt, Tomar & Misra 2001; Zeng & Luo 1995; Stevens & Tang 1985; Singh & Hazarika 1996). It was also suggested that the allelopathic compounds remain active in the dried parts of the weed and are released during decomposition (Singh & Hazarika 1996).

(1) Hong, N. H., T. D. Xuan, et al. (2004). "Paddy weed control by higher plants from Southeast Asia." Crop Protection 23(3): 255-261. (2) http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DPI/Vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/invasive_cobblers_pegs [cited 2009 March 2].

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

4.04

(1) Grazed by livestock.

(1) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/Data/WeedsHI/W_Bidens_pilosa.pdf [cited 2009 Feb. 26].

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [cited 2009 March 2]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/d?./temp/~WfBf79:100:@sa [cited d2009 March 2].

4.06

(1) Bidens pilosa is susceptible to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection and has the ability to perpetuate the pathogen in the absence of a crop host.(2) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is among the most nonspecific, omnivorous, and successful of plant pathogens. Plants susceptible to this pathogen encompass 64 families, 225 genera, and 361 species. (3) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an important plant pathogen that causes substantial losses in crop production throughout the world each year.

(1) http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=
ENV&recid=2858880&q=bidens+%2B+%22pathogen%22&uid=1059809&setcookie=yes [cited 2009 March 2].(2) http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/Kbase/Crop/Type/s_scler.htm [cited 2009 March 2] (3). Boland, G. J. and R. Hall. (1994). "Index of plant hosts of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 16: 93-108.

4.07

(1) Non-toxic to humans. (2) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (3) Bidens pilosa has a long history of use among the indigenous pople of the Amazon, and virtually all parts of the plant are used.

(1) Morton, J. F. (1962). "Spanish Needles (Bidens pilosa L.) as a Wild Food Resource." Economic Botany 16(3): 173-179. (1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [cited 2009 March 2]. (3) http://www.rain-tree.com/picaopreto.htm [cited 2009 March 2].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Full sun. (2) It cannot grow in the shade.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54527/ [cited 2009 Feb. 26]. (2) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Bidens+pilosa [cited 2009 Feb. 26].

4.10

(1) Bidens pilosa prefers sandy, loamy and clay soils. Tolerates acid, neutral and alkaline soils.

(1) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Bidens+pilosa [cited 2009 Feb. 26].

4.11

(1) Erect annual herb 0.3-1.8 m tall.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

4.12

(1) In natural areas, it may form dense stands that cover large areas and eliminate native vegetation, preventing the establishment of native species.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plants of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, Oxford, UK.

5.01

(1) Terrestrial

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

5.02

(1) Asteraceae.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

5.03

(1) Annual herb.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

5.04

(1) Annual herb.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Bidens pilosa reproduces by seed.

(1) Reddy, K. N. and M. Singh (1992). "Germination and Emergence of Hairy Beggarticks (Bidens pilosa)." Weed Science 40(2): 195-199.

6.03

(1) Threat of crossing with native Bidens. (2) Bidens pilosa and Bidens alba can hybridize.

(1) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/Data/WeedsHI/W_Bidens_pilosa.pdf [cited 2009 Feb. 26]. (2) Ganders, F. R., M. Berbee, et al. (2000). "ITS Base Sequence Phylogeny in Bidens (Asteraceae): Evidence for the Continental Relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan Bidens." Systematic Botany 25(1): 122-133.

6.04

(1) Self-compatible.

(1) Ballard, R. (1986). "Bidens pilosa Complex (Asteraceae) in North and Central America." American Journal of Botany 73(10): 1452-1465.

6.05

(1) Pollinated by several insect groups, including Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera.

(1) Ballard, R. (1986). "Bidens pilosa Complex (Asteraceae) in North and Central America." American Journal of Botany 73(10): 1452-1465.

6.06

(1) Bidens pilosa reproduces by seed.

(1) Reddy, K. N. and M. Singh (1992). "Germination and Emergence of Hairy Beggarticks (Bidens pilosa)." Weed Science 40(2): 195-199.

6.07

(1) In Argentina, the majority of a population was found to start flowering 4 months after germination. Reaches maturity and produces viable propagules in under a year.

(1) http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DPI/Vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/invasive_cobblers_pegs#table [cited 2009 March 2].

7.01

(1) Seeds are dispersed by adhering to clothes.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plants of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, Oxford, UK.

7.02

No evidence of intentional dispersal. However, (1) Widely naturalized, exact native range obscure, also in Africa, tropical Asia, Australia, Europe, Macaronesia, New Zealand, & Oceania

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?7169 [cited 2009 Feb. 26].

7.03

(1) A significant agricultural weed of many crop systems. (2) A weed in 31 crops in 40 countries.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plants of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, Oxford, UK. (2) Reddy, K. N. and M. Singh (1992). "Germination and Emergence of Hairy Beggarticks (Bidens pilosa)." Weed Science 40(2): 195-199.

7.04

(1) Fruits are black achenes with 2-4 barbed awns, covered with short hairs, and 4-16 mm long. Seeds are dispersed by adhering to animal fur, and clothing.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plants of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, Oxford, UK.

7.05

(1) Seeds are dispersed by water.

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/species/bidens_pilosa.htm [cited 2009 Feb. 26].

7.06

(1) Fruits stick to bird feathers.

(1) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/Data/WeedsHI/W_Bidens_pilosa.pdf [cited 2009 Feb. 26].

7.07

(1) Fruits are black achenes with 2-4 barbed awns, covered with short hairs, and 4-16 mm long. Seeds are dispersed by adhering to animal fur.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plants of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, Oxford, UK.

7.08

not consumed by animals

8.01

(1) Seed production is abundant. A single plant may produce 3,000-6,000 plants a year.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plants of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, Oxford, UK.

8.02

(1) Seeds may remain viable for several years. (2) Seeds 3-5 years old can have a 80% germination rate.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plants of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, Oxford, UK. (2) Reddy, K. N. and M. Singh (1992). "Germination and Emergence of Hairy Beggarticks (Bidens pilosa)." Weed Science 40(2): 195-199.

8.03

(1) Bidens pilosa is resistant toB/2 herbicides known as ALS inhibitors (chlorimuron-ethyl, imazaquin, imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, and pyrithiobac-Na) in Brazil (2) Bidens pilosa was controlled with high efficiency by sole applications of fomesafen, flazasulfuron, and oxyfluorfen, except B. pilosa, C. didymus, and R. raphanistrum for oxyfluorfen. (3) Bidens pilosa was efficiently controlled with lactofen, formesafen and bentazon herbicides.

(1) http://www.weedscience.org/Case/Case.asp?ResistID=42 [cited 2009 Feb. 26]. (2) http://biblioteca.universia.net/html_bura/ficha/params/id/1053528.html [cited 2009 March 2]. (3) http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=abstract&id=35543 [cited 2009 March 2].

8.04

(1) B. pilosa quickly invades burned areas. (2) Bidens pilosa is not fire tolerant but quickly invades burned areas. [benefits from fire]

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plants of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, Oxford, UK. (2) http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DPI/Vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/impact_cobblers_pegs [cited 2009 March 2].

8.05

Widespread weedy plant in Hawai‘i