Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris convar. saccharifera Alef. Family - Chenopodiaceae Common Names(s) - sugar beet. Synonym(s) - Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris var. altissima Doell.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

y

-3

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=1, n=-1

y

1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

-2

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2 or 3

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-6

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) Cultivation for edible leaf and root of Beta spp. began from 400 B.C. Breeding and cultivation for sugar-refining began in the late 18th century. (2) Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) development began in the late 1700's. White fodder beet from Silesia provided the germplasm from which early sugar beet open-pollinated varieties were derived, therefore, the genetic base of sugar beet is thought to be narrower than many open pollinated crops. The wild sea beet Beta vulgaris subspecies maritima long has been thought to be the progenitor of all domesticated beet, and recent molecular data have confirmed this." (3) "Sugar beet was literally invented and constructed my man, making it unique in the history of agriculture."

(1) http://www.gene.affrc.go.jp/htbin/plant/image/get_logo_e?plno=53701001 [Cited 2009 October 6]. (2) bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7].(3) Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

1.02

No evidence of naturalization for Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera.(1) In Europe, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima occurs as a wild plant. Wild B. vulgaris species are distributed along the border-zones of the Mediterranean from southern Russia, the Near-East, and Syria to the Canary Islands and Madeira. They are also found along the European Atlantic coasts where they come into contact with the Gulf Stream. B. vulgaris has also been introduced into Baltic and Central and South America. In North America, the species has become naturalised, resulting from the introduction of plants for cultivation.

(1) bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7].

1.03

(1) "In Europe, flowering weed beets in sugar beet production areas have, since the early 1970’s, become a serious problem. The weed beet is phenotypically different from volunteer sugar beet in that it produces more seed, and in France, this seed has been shown not to require the usual vernalization period prior to flowering. The weedy form may, in theory, have evolved in parallel with “bolters” in situ in sugar beet producing areas, but, molecular evidence suggests that weed beet originated from pollination by wild diploid species in seed producing areas along the Mediterranean." (2) "In Western Europe, two subspecies of B. vulgaris are recognized: B. vulgaris ssp. maritima Arcang, the typical wild and coastal subspecies (‘sea-beet’) and B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris, the cultivated beet. Sugar beets, extensively cultivated in northern France, are biennial and harvested before bolting and flowering. Within sugar beet fields, noncultivated bolting individuals are commonly found contaminating the fields and competing with cultivated individuals. These individuals are conspecific weeds that have been proved to arise from hybridization between cultivated lines and wild individuals in the seed production areas"

(1) bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7]. (2) Viard, F., Arnaud, J., Delescluse, M., Cuguen, J., 2004. Tracing back seed and pollen flow within the crop-wild Beta vulgaris complex: genetic distinctiveness vs. hot spots of hybridization over a regional scale. Molecular Ecology 13, 1357-1364.

2.01

(1) The Section Beta is indigenous to the Mediterranean area, extends westward as far as the Canary Islands, east through the Middle East to India, and north along the Atlantic coast to Scandinavia.

(1) Panella, L., Lewellen, R.T., 2007. Broadening the genetic base of sugar beet: introgression from wild relatives. Euphytica 154, 383-400

2.02

(1) The Section Beta is indigenous to the Mediterranean area, extends westward as far as the Canary Islands, east through the Middle East to India, and north along the Atlantic coast to Scandinavia.

(1) Panella, L., Lewellen, R.T., 2007. Broadening the genetic base of sugar beet: introgression from wild relatives. Euphytica 154, 383-400

2.03

(1) In Europe sugar beets are grown below 400 m. (2) Climate zone: subtropical dry summer, subtropical dry winter, temperate oceanic, temperate continental. Altitude 0 - 2100 m. Temperature 15° C to 30° C.

(1) bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7]. (2) http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/dataSheet?id=48742[Cited 2009 October 7].

2.04

No evidence of naturalization in tropical or subtropical areas. (1) cultivated species

(1)Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

2.05

(1) In Europe B. vulgaris var. saccharifera is grown for alcohol production. (2) B & T World Seeds has seeds for sale over the internet. (3) Various biotypes of sugar beets are in cultivation in Europe, North Africa, Asia, and North and South America.

(1) http://www.gene.affrc.go.jp/htbin/plant/image/get_logo_e?plno=53701001 [Cited 2009 October 6]. (2bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7]. http://b-and-t-world-seeds.com/carth.asp?species=Beta%20vulgaris%20Saccharifera&sref=34046 [Cited 2009 October 7]. (3)

3.01

(1) No evidence of naturalization.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Cited 2009 October 7].

3.02

(1) No evidence of weediness.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Cited 2009 October 7].

3.03

(1) No evidence (2) Sugar beet may become a weed through the roots or crowns remaining in the field after harvest. These plants will flower and produce seed. Sugar beet bolters could produce enough viable seeds to become a weed problem. It is estimated that one field in four in England will have viable beet seed in the top soil.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Cited 2009 October 7]. (2) bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7].

3.04

(1) No evidence. (2) Beta vulgaris is often found outside cultivation but the is no indication of the plants establishing in the wild.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Cited 2009 October 7]. (2) bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7].

3.05

(1) No evidence of congeneric weed (control).

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Cited 2009 October 7].

4.01

(1) No spines, thorn, or burrs.

(1)Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

4.02

No evidence of allelopathy.

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1)Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

4.04

(1) In Europe the leaves, crowns, and beet pulp are used for fodder. (2) Sheep and cattle graze on the leaves and beets of Beta vulgaris.

(1) http://www.gene.affrc.go.jp/htbin/plant/image/get_logo_e?plno=53701001 [Cited 2009 October 6]. (2) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/NEWCROP/AFCM/sugarbeet.html [Cited 2009 October 6].

4.05

(1) In Europe the leaves, crowns, and beet pulp are used for fodder. (2) Sheep and cattle graze on the leaves and beets of Beta vulgaris. (3) Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera tops can be fed to cattle but are poisonous for pigs and horse, as they contain 1% oxalic acid.

(1) http://www.gene.affrc.go.jp/htbin/plant/image/get_logo_e?plno=53701001 [Cited 2009 October 6]. (2) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/NEWCROP/AFCM/sugarbeet.html [Cited 2009 October 6]. (3) http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=48742 [Cited 2009 October 7].

4.06

(1) The major insect pests that affect the sugar beet crop are aphids, tobacco caterpillar, and diamond backmoth. The major diseases that affect the sugar beet crop are rhizoctonia wilt, powdery mildew, cercospora leaf spot, and fusarium yellow. (2) Scattered reports of Rhixoctonia spp. in Florida. Rhizoctonia can be difficult to control. (3) Fungi of the genus Rhizoctonia are among the most important worldwide soil-borne plant pathogens. They cause serious diseases in most cereals, horticultural crops and forests. (4) Cercospora coffeicola can be economically important in Hawaii at some locations or some seasons due to the costs associated with managing it and its damaging effects on plant growth, coffee cherry yield and bean quality.

(1) http://www.indg.in/rural-energy/technologies-under-rural-energy/energy-production/FAQs%20on%20sugbeet-english.pdf [Cited 2009 October 6]. (2) http://www2.hawaii.edu/~hector/VegCropUpdates/2002/March%202002.pdf [Cited 2009 October 7]. (3) http://www.isppweb.org/nldec99.asp#rhi [Cited 2009 October 7].z94z) (4) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/PD-41.pdf [Cited 2009 October 7].

4.07

(1) Sugar beets are among the most efficient of field crops in terms of digestible calories produced. (2) Beta vulgaris L. ssp. maritima, wild sea beet, is regarded as the mother species of the Beta beets (fodder beet, sugar beet, beetroot, yellow beet, Swiss chard) .Beta vulgaris was a well-established vegetable in classical Greek and Roman times. Sugar beet development occurred in the 1700's.

(1) http://sugarbeet.ucdavis.edu/ [Cited 2009 October 7]. (2) bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7].(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 October 7].

4.08

(1) Beta vulgaris is a herbaceous dicotyledon and a member of Chenopodiaceae. [species description] (2) A glabrous or slightly, hairy annual, biennial or perennial of very varied habit, from 30 to 120 cm (or even 200 cm) in height.

(1)Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053 (2) bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7].

4.09

(1) Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera requires sunshine during its growth period.

(1) http://www.indg.in/rural-energy/technologies-under-rural-energy/energy-production/FAQs%20on%20sugbeet-english.pdf [Cited 2009 October 6].

4.10

(1) All kinds of well drained soil with stable and porous soil structure and sandy loam to clayey loam texture are suitable. Optimum pH range is from 6.5 to 8.0, but it can also grow in saline and alkaline soil.

(1) http://www.indg.in/rural-energy/technologies-under-rural-energy/energy-production/FAQs%20on%20sugbeet-english.pdf [Cited 2009 October 6].

4.11

(1) Beta vulgaris is a herbaceous dicotyledon and a member of Chenopodiaceae.[species description] (2) A glabrous or slightly, hairy annual, biennial or perennial of very varied habit, from 30 to 120 cm (or even 200 cm) in height.

(1)Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053 (2) bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7].

4.12

(1) Terrestrial. Beta vulgaris is a herbaceous dicotyledon and a member of Chenopodiaceae.[species description] (2) A glabrous or slightly, hairy annual, biennial or perennial of very varied habit, from 30 to 120 cm (or even 200 cm) in height.

(1)Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053 (2) bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7].

5.01

(1) Beta vulgaris is a herbaceous dicotyledon and a member of Chenopodiaceae.[species description].

(1)Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

5.02

(1) Beta vulgaris is a herbaceous dicotyledon and a member of Chenopodiaceae. [species description].

(1)Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

5.03

(1) Beta vulgaris is a herbaceous dicotyledon and a member of Chenopodiaceae. [species description].

(1)Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

5.04

(1) The cultivated Beta vulgaris is biennial. It "grows vegetatively its first year as a near-rosette plant and develops a large fleshy taproot that contains the food reserve for the second year of growth. In the second year, sugar beet becomes reproductive, induced to flower by the combined exposure to low temperatures from overwintering and long photoperiods during the second year of growth."

(1)Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

6.01

(1) Cultivated, no native habitat. "Sugar beet was literally invented and constructed my man, making it unique in the history of agriculture."

(1)Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

6.02

(1) Beta vulgaris germinates from an utricle, a dry, hard fruit containing a single seed. The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth requires exposure to low temperatures and long photoperiods. "Vernalization requires temperatures in the range of 4 to 10°C for a period of 10 to 14 weeks. Vernalization requirements are highly variable among sugar beet genotypes, however, and can be complete in just two weeks for some early bolters. Photoinduction is influenced primarily by length of the day period and light quality. Daylength requirements vary among genotypes, although a 16-hour daylength suffices to induce flowering in most genotypes." (2) Commercial sugar producing sugar beet is biennial and is harvested during the first year, while it is in the vegetative phase and sexual reproductive organs never develop. Varieties that bolt in the first year of growth are problematic and there are efforts to develop cultivated varieties that limit bolting. (3) Due to successes in breeding programmes, today's cultivated sugar beet varieties show very little stem elongation (bolting) in the first year.

(1)Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053 (20bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7]. (3) http://books.google.com/books?id=pWRjoMSx1wcC&pg=PA176&lpg=PA176&dq=beta+vulgaris+var.+saccharifera+%2B
+%22bolting%22&source=bl&ots=LSuh4sW8r7&sig=avXzO1jCKF_UOM1SFgvNxAfuB8c&hl=en&ei=pU7NSqXLGYWAsgP-7bXFDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10#v=onepage&q=
beta%20vulgaris%20var.%20saccharifera%20%2B%20%22bolting%22&f=false {Cited 2009 October 7].

6.03

(1) The genus Beta exists in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid forms with a chromosome number of x=9. All wild and cultivated Beta species are capable of hybridizing.

(1) bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7].

6.04

(1) "Sugar beet is largely cross-pollinated due to a high degree of self-incompatibility. Sugar beet exhibits gametophytic self-incompatibility under the control of possibly two or four complementary S-loci. Each S-locus is polymorphic, with multiple alleles at each locus. An incompatible mating occurs when all S-loci alleles are the same in the pollen and the pistil."

(1)Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

6.05

(1) Beta vulgaris is wind pollinated. (2) Under natural conditions pollen is carried by the wind or occasionally by insects for cross-pollination.

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/NEWCROP/AFCM/sugarbeet.html [Cited 2009 October 6]. (2) Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

6.06

(1) Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera is biennial. It develops large roots the first year. After vernalization, second year, Sugar beet develops a seed stalk and flowers. A single flower gives rise to monogerm seed, on the other hand cluster of flowers gives rise to a multigerm seed.

(1) http://www.gene.affrc.go.jp/htbin/plant/image/get_logo_e?plno=53701001 [Cited 2009 October 6].

6.07

(1) Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera is biennial. It develops large roots the first year. After vernalization, second year, Sugar beet develops a seed stalk and flowers. A single flower gives rise to monogerm seed, on the other hand cluster of flowers gives rise to a multigerm seed.

(1) http://www.gene.affrc.go.jp/htbin/plant/image/get_logo_e?plno=53701001 [Cited 2009 October 6].

7.01

No evidence. (1) The first year of growth is vegetative, no seed production. The plants are harvested in the first year.

(1)Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

7.02

(1) In Europe B. vulgaris var. saccharifera is grown for alcohol production. (2) B & T World Seeds has seeds for sale over the internet. (3) Various biotypes of sugar beets are in cultivation in Europe, North Africa, Asia, and North and South America.

(1) http://www.gene.affrc.go.jp/htbin/plant/image/get_logo_e?plno=53701001 [Cited 2009 October 6]. (2bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7]. http://b-and-t-world-seeds.com/carth.asp?species=Beta%20vulgaris%20Saccharifera&sref=34046 [Cited 2009 October 7]. (3)

7.03

No evidence. (1) The first year of growth is vegetative, no seed production. The plants are harvested in the first year.

(1)Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

7.04

[no adaptation for wind dispersal] [however see # 2]. (1) "Nearly all Beta vulgaris in culture today is derived from monogerm seed. Sugar beet seed is round to reniform, and small, typically weighing approximately three mg and measuring approximately three mm on its longest axis. Surrounding the true seed is a hard, brown, heavily lignified fruit subtended by the remains of the flower sepals. The fruit is small with an average weight of approximately 20 mg." (2) "The seed balls of Beta are resistant to salt water, and ocean currents can move propagules over relatively long distances. Above the high water line, strong winds distribute them over the shoreline, and sometimes even inland."

(1) Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

7.05

(1) "Nearly all Beta vulgaris in culture today is derived from monogerm seed. Sugar beet seed is round to reniform, and small, typically weighing approximately three mg and measuring approximately three mm on its longest axis. Surrounding the true seed is a hard, brown, heavily lignified fruit subtended by the remains of the flower sepals. The fruit is small with an average weight of approximately 20 mg." (2) "The seed balls of Beta are resistant to salt water, and ocean currents can move propagules over relatively long distances. Above the high water line, strong winds distribute them over the shoreline, and sometimes even inland."

(1) Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053 (2) bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7].

7.06

(1) "Nearly all Beta vulgaris in culture today is derived from monogerm seed. Sugar beet seed is round to reniform, and small, typically weighing approximately three mg and measuring approximately three mm on its longest axis. Surrounding the true seed is a hard, brown, heavily lignified fruit subtended by the remains of the flower sepals. The fruit is small with an average weight of approximately 20 mg."

(1) Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

7.07

[no external means of attachment] (1) "Nearly all Beta vulgaris in culture today is derived from monogerm seed. Sugar beet seed is round to reniform, and small, typically weighing approximately three mg and measuring approximately three mm on its longest axis. Surrounding the true seed is a hard, brown, heavily lignified fruit subtended by the remains of the flower sepals. The fruit is small with an average weight of approximately 20 mg."

(1) Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

7.08

[not consumed by animals] (1) "Nearly all Beta vulgaris in culture today is derived from monogerm seed. Sugar beet seed is round to reniform, and small, typically weighing approximately three mg and measuring approximately three mm on its longest axis. Surrounding the true seed is a hard, brown, heavily lignified fruit subtended by the remains of the flower sepals. The fruit is small with an average weight of approximately 20 mg."

(1) Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/docDetail.action?docID=10290053

8.01

(1) "Nearly all Beta vulgaris in culture today is derived from monogerm seed. Sugar beet seed is round to reniform, and small, typically weighing approximately three mg and measuring approximately three mm on its longest axis. Surrounding the true seed is a hard, brown, heavily lignified fruit subtended by the remains of the flower sepals. The fruit is small with an average weight of approximately 20 mg." (2) Flowering sugar beet can produce 200 million seeds per hectare.

(1) Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/
docDetail.action?docID=10290053 (2) bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7].

8.02

(1) When using direct or indirect seeding, there is risk of contamination by seed left in the soil from previous crops. "Seed of annual weed beets 'that bolt late in the season can be a serious problem in seed-production fields. Unwanted plants between the rows can be eliminated, unlike those that grow in the rows. In the latter case, it is often necessary to destroy the nursery. To preclude this problem, the cropping history of the field should be obtained and at least 10 years left between beet crops." (2) Beta vulgaris possesses long-lived dormant seeds that can remain in the soil for ten years or more and still retain some germination capacity.

(1) Biancardi, E., Campbell, L.G., Skaracis, G.N., De Biaggi, M. c2005. Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet [Internet]. Enfield, New Hampshire. Science Publishers. 390 p. [Cited 2009 October 7] Available from:http://site.ebrary.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/lib/uhmanoa/
docDetail.action?docID=10290053 (2) bch.cbd.int/database/attachment/?id=10058 [Cited 2009 October 7].

8.03

No evidence of herbicide control. [Herbicides are used throughout the growth cycle to limit weeds in sugar beet crops] (1) "Potential Impact of FQPA on Weed Management:  Current weed management programs rely heavily on herbicides in the general class of carbamates.  The herbicides EPTC (used at lay-by for late season control of many grass and broadleaf weeds), pebulate and cycloate (used preplant incorporated [PPI] for control of grass weeds and many broadleaf species) are all thiocarbamates.  Economics have shown that the use of one of the latter two herbicides is essential to profitable production of the spring-sown crop.  The herbicides phenmedipham and desmedipham, which are bis-carbamates, are used postemergence alone or in mixture for control of annual broadleaf weeds in all sugarbeet production regions of the state.  There is no alternative postemergence herbicide that could replace these chemicals. Preplant and pre-emergence herbicides: Preplant foliar: Postemergence herbicides such as paraquat (Gramoxone®) and glyphosate (Roundup®) are used to kill emerged weeds on preformed beds before planting sugarbeets. Preplant incorporated: Preplant incorporated herbicides must be physically mixed (incorporated) into the soil soon after application to prevent volatilization of the chemical and to move the herbicide into the root zone. These herbicides perform best when incorporated with a power driven rotary tiller. All of these herbicides do not require the same depth of incorporation; herbicides such as pyrazon (Pyramin®) and ethofumesate (Nortron®) incorporated too deeply dilute them and decrease weed control. Too shallow incorporation of cycloate (Ro-Neet®) or pebulate (Tillam®) results in poor weed control because of volatilization of the herbicide and lack of exposure of the seedling's underground shoot to the chemical .Pre-emergence: Pre-emergence pyrazon (Pyramin®) or ethofumesate (Nortron®) treatments are not effective unless incorporated by light rainfall or sprinkler irrigation (less than 0.5 inch)Pre-emergence: Pre-emergence pyrazon (Pyramin®) or ethofumesate (Nortron®) treatments are not effective unless incorporated by light rainfall or sprinkler irrigation (less than 0.5 inch).

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=06TdvGYH2DEC&pg=PA359&lpg=PA359&dq=
sugar+beet+ecology&source=bl&ots=4i0YboK8aL&sig=UlXLND6-8dazmm1ZN5
DdrTLfzYA&hl=en&ei=FQHMSqORGoWqsgOVxs2dAQ&sa=X&oi=
book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q=sugar%20beet%20ecology&f=false [Cited 2009 October 6]. (2) http://sugarbeet.ucdavis.edu/ [Cited 2009 October 7].

8.04

(1) In the USA weed problems in B. vulgaris var. saccharifera are divided into 3 phases. Phase I occurs from sowing to thinning. Phase II from thinning until last cultivation and phase III after the time that a tractor can travel between rows without damaging the plants. During phase II, B. vulgaris var. saccharifera can tolerate some cultivation and herbicide control methods that it cannot in phase I.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=06TdvGYH2DEC&pg=PA359&lpg=
PA359&dq=sugar+beet+ecology&source=bl&ots=4i0YboK8aL&sig=UlXLND6-8dazmm1ZN5DdrTLfzYA&hl=en&ei=FQHMSqORGoWqsgOVxs2dAQ&sa=X&oi=
book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q=sugar%20beet%20ecology&f=false [Cited 2009 October 6].

8.05

Unknown