Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Berchemia zeyheri ; Rhamnus zeyheri, (pink ivory, red ivory)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-2

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

No information regarding the introduction or naturalization of this species.

1.03

No evidence.

2.01

It seems to prefer a warm-termperate to sub-tropical climate ….' Native range: Southern Africa (Mozambique, Zimbabwe and South Africa with a scattering in other parts of southern Africa) 

http://www.hear.org/pier3/bezey.htm

2.02

distrubution partially in sub-tropics

2.03

Appears to be limited to dry, warm temperate/Mediterranean habitats

2.04

Native range: Transaval, Natal, Cape, Nambia, Swaziland, Botswana

Arnold and DeWit. 1993. Plants of Southern Africa. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria

2.05

wood has been transported around the world but don't know about live plant material

3.01

No evidence.

3.02

No evidence.

3.03

No evidence.

3.04

No evidence.

3.05

B. scandens is a native vine of SE USA and it's planting is encouraged; no evidence that it is an economic weed

http://www.exoticpestplantcouncil.org/states/TN/west.html

4.01

No evidence.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/bezey.htm

4.02

No evidence.

4.03

No evidence.

4.04

The bark is eaten by porcupines

http://www.ladysmith.co.za/WNR_AUTO_7.html

4.05

No evidence.

4.06

Lists one fungus species to be associated with B. zeyheri - Septoria rhamni-catharticae var. rhamni-saxatilis: South Africa. Did not find any evidence that this fungus is of any economic significance.

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence.

4.08

No information on fire ecology.

4.09

No information.

4.1

growing very occasionally on rocky soils in Rhodessia, Transvaaf and Natal.

http://www.maroon.com/thangs/pink.html

4.11

It is not a vine.

4.12

No evidence, threatened plant in part at least part of its native range.

http://www.ecs.co.sz/leg_sd_files/env_leg_sd_floraact.htm

5.01

5.02

5.03

Deciduous tree.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/bezey.htm

5.04

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

Grown from seeds

Evaluation of three ways to grow indigenous trees for fuelwood. By: van Rensburg, L.; de Sousa Correia, R.I.;South African Journal of Science, Jun97, Vol. 93 Issue 6, p269-271

6.03

No information.

6.04

No information.

6.05

Unlikely (Rhamnaceae)

6.06

Propagation by seed.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/bezey.htm

6.07

No information. [a slow growing tree]

7.01

Cannot tell. No information regarding seed size and number.

7.02

The small red fruits are much loved by people and birds

http://www.hear.org/pier3/bezey.htm

7.03

Harvested for wood but fruits (berries) would not be expected to contaminate wood shipments.

7.04

7.05

7.06

(1)Seed (bird-dispersed fruits), possibly also dispersed by pigs, rats or other animals. (2)The tree produces small black berries, in appearance resembling those on the buckthorn tree. (3)these trees offer food and forage for birds all year round

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/bezey.htm (2)http://www.maroon.com/thangs/pink.html (3)http://www.websight.co.za/treehouse/groups.html

7.07

Propagules have no means of attachment.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/bezey.htm

7.08

Seed (bird-dispersed fruits), possibly also dispersed by pigs, rats or other animals.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/bezey.htm

8.01

Only two seed per fruit in B. discolor [suggests < 1000 /m2]

Bircher, A.G. and Bircher, W.H. 2000. Encyclopedia of fruit trees and edible flowering plants in Egypt and the subtropics. American University in Cairo Press, Cairo

8.02

No information.

8.03

No evidence that the species is a weed and is being controlled for.

8.04

Don’t know

8.05

Don’t know.