Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Beaumontia multiflora Teijsm. & Binn.; herald's trumpet, Easter lily vine

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

"native to Java"

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.83

2.02

2.03

probably not, native to Java, the whole genus only known in tropical Asia and Malaysia, no evidence of introduction outside tropical or subtropical region.

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.82-83

2.04

"native to Java"

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.83

2.05

" widely if not commonly cultivated for its large white flowers"

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.83

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

no description of these traits

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.83

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

The cardiac glycosides gentiobiosyl-β-D-cymaroside and gentiobiosyl-α-L-cymaroside of digitoxigenin were isolated from the seeds, unripe fruit, and leaves of B. brevituba, and the leaves of B. murtonii.

Yamauchi, T. , Abe, F. , Santisuk, T. 1990. Cardiac glycosides of Beaumontia brevituba and B. murtonii.
Phytochemistry, , Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 1961-1965

4.05

The cardiac glycosides gentiobiosyl-β-D-cymaroside and gentiobiosyl-α-L-cymaroside of digitoxigenin were isolated from the seeds, unripe fruit, and leaves of B. brevituba, and the leaves of B. murtonii. [no evidence of poisonings - it is probably avoided (unpalatable)]

Yamauchi, T. , Abe, F. , Santisuk, T. 1990. Cardiac glycosides of Beaumontia brevituba and B. murtonii.
Phytochemistry, , Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 1961-1966

4.06

no evidence

4.07

(1) Plants of the Apocynaceae are often poisonous and are rich in alkaloids or glycosides, especially in the seeds and latex. [description of the family]
(2) with milky sap (latex) [no evidence of poisonings in humans]

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10053
(2) Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.83

4.08

glossy, dark green leaves [tropical evergreen]

http://www.toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=BEAUMONTIA_GRANDIFLORA

4.09

(1)"sunny places are prefered." (2)Grow in full light

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.83 (2)http://www.grapheus.com/Plants/Plants-Beaumontia.htm

4.1

any well-drained soil.

http://www.grapheus.com/Plants/Plants-Beaumontia.htm

4.11

"liana or vine-like shrub, often climing into trees. It is often seen as a vigrous climber that ascends high into trees"

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.83

4.12

no evidence

5.01

"Fertile, moist soils in sunny places are prefered."

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.83

5.02

liana or vine-like shrub, Apocynaceae

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.83

5.03

Apocynacaeae

5.04

liana or vine-like shrub

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.83

6.01

no evidence

6.02

suggest Beaumontia will germinate in 7-30 days (species name not provided)

http://www.backyardgardener.com/tm.html

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

probably yes, a congeneric species, B. grandiflora is pollinated by hawkmoth

http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/MEMBGNewsletter/Volume4number2/Theplantsthatlovehawkmoths.html

6.06

no evidence

6.07

woody liana

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.83

7.01

no evidence

7.02

" widely if not commonly cultivated for its large white flowers"

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.83

7.03

no evidence

7.04

(1) p.1148 "The seeds of Apocynoideae (including Beaumontia) s.l. are wind dispersed by means of a brush of long hairs, a coma"
(2) "Follicles elongated, thick, hard. Seeds compressed, apex attenuate, coma silky; cotyledons leaflike or thick, radicle short." [characteristics of the genus]

(1) Sennblad et al. (1998) Morphology and molecular data in phylogenetic fraternity: the tribe Wrightieae (Apocynaceae). Am. J. Bot. 85 (8): 1143-1199
(2) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=103662

7.05

no evidence

7.06

no evidence

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence of ingestion

8.01

"Fruit a pair of of capsule-like segments, infrequently formed in cultivation."

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.83

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence