Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Bauhinia tomentosa (yellow tree bauhinia, hairy bauhinia)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1) No evidence of naturalization - 'Western Peninsula, more common on the east side, often cultivated near Hindu temples.' (2) Malaysia 'Frequent in Malayan gardens.'

(1)Brandis, D. 1907. Indian trees. Archibald constable & Co Ltd. London. (2) Corner, E.J.H. Wayside trees of Malaya. Government printing press. Kuala Lumpur.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

Native to tropical / subtropical Africa

http://biodiversity.soton.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Araneus.pl?version~6.05&LegumeWeb&tno~493&genus~Bauhinia&species~tomentosa

2.02

2.03

(1)USDA zones 10a to 11. (2)Out of 9, 5 and 1 it gets 9 for adaptability (Adaptability: 9-Excellent; 5-Fair; 1-Poor. ) but 1 for vigor (3)In native range (Africa), found in Low altitude woodland and parkland are found below 600 masl

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/2066/ (2)http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/plantanswers/publications/riograndeornamentals/trees.html (3)http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Malawi.htm

2.04

Native to Africa

http://biodiversity.soton.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Araneus.pl?version~6.05&LegumeWeb&tno~493&genus~Bauhinia&species~tomentosa

2.05

Introduced to several countries in Asia, Australasia, Caribbean, Indian ocean, Pacific ocean and Brazil.

http://biodiversity.soton.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Araneus.pl?version~6.05&LegumeWeb&tno~493&genus~Bauhinia&species~tomentosa

3.01

(1) No evidence of naturalization - 'Western Peninsula, more common on the east side, often cultivated near Hindu temples.' (2) Malaysia 'Frequent in Malayan gardens.'

(1)Brandis, D. 1907. Indian trees. Archibald constable & Co Ltd. London. (2) Corner, E.J.H. Wayside trees of Malaya. Government printing press. Kuala Lumpur.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

Bauhinia variegata is an environmental weed of Florida

http://www.fleppc.org/01list.htm

4.01

No evidence

http://biodiversity.soton.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Araneus.pl?version~6.05&LegumeWeb&tno~493&genus~Bauhinia&species~tomentosa

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No information

4.05

Seeds of several Bauhinia spp., including B. tomentosa , are used as sources of dietary protein by several tribal communities in India.

Mohan, V. R.; Janardhanan, K. 1995. Chemical composition of Bauhinia tomentosa L. Advances in Plant Sciences.8: 219-223

4.06

This site lists 10 species of fungi to be associated with B. tomentosa.

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

Seeds of several Bauhinia spp., including B. tomentosa , are used as sources of dietary protein by several tribal communities in India.

Mohan, V. R.; Janardhanan, K. 1995. Chemical composition of Bauhinia tomentosa L. Advances in Plant Sciences.8: 219-223

4.08

No information on fire ecology [shrubby, so it is possible]

4.09

(1)Sun to partial shade. (2) Sun

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/2066/ (2)http://gardening.worldonline.co.za/0046.htm

4.1

No information on soil requirements.

4.11

Perennial non-climbing shrub or tree in Leguminoceae.

http://biodiversity.soton.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Araneus.pl?version~6.05&LegumeWeb&tno~493&genus~Bauhinia&species~tomentosa

4.12

No evidence

5.01

5.02

5.03

Perennial non-climbing shrub or tree in Leguminoceae.

http://biodiversity.soton.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Araneus.pl?version~6.05&LegumeWeb&tno~493&genus~Bauhinia&species~tomentosa

5.04

6.01

Fruit, dark pod to 10 - 15cm long, 1.5cm wide and thin, containing 3 to 11 seeds.

http://web.hku.hk/~lramsden/toment.html

6.02

[hard seeded legume] Poke or nick the edge of the seed when the shell is soft and soak for another two hours

http://www.bonsaisite.com/wwwboard/messages/2540.html

6.03

No evidence

6.04

No evidence

6.05

Attracts butterflies

http://gardening.worldonline.co.za/0046.htm

6.06

No evidence

6.07

No information

7.01

Probably not - the propagules do not have any means of attachment.

7.02

(1) 'A favored garden shrub.' (2) Lacks vigor. Scores 1 for desirability (Desirability: 9-Desirable; 5-Fairly Desirable; 1-Undesirable. )

(1)http://biodiversity.soton.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Araneus.pl?version~6.05&LegumeWeb&tno~493&genus~Bauhinia&species~tomentosa (2)http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/plantanswers/publications/riograndeornamentals/trees.html

7.03

Probably not - seeds relatively large.

http://web.hku.hk/~lramsden/toment.html

7.04

no adaptation

7.05

No information on dispersal agent

7.06

No information on dispersal agent

7.07

seeds have no means of attachment

7.08

No information on dispersal agent

8.01

Fruit, dark pod to 10 - 15cm long, 1.5cm wide and thin, containing 3 to 11 seeds.

http://web.hku.hk/~lramsden/toment.html

8.02

[hard seeded legume] Poke or nick the edge of the seed when the shell is soft and soak for another two hours

http://www.bonsaisite.com/wwwboard/messages/2540.html

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

No information

8.05

Don’t know.