Bauhinia hookeri F. Muell. Family - Fabaceae. Common Name(s) - Mountain ebony, White Bauhinia, Pegunny, Queensland ebony, Hooker's Bauhinia. Synonym(s) - Lysiphyllum hookeri

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01)

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y= 1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

-2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7+

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Notes

Reference

1.01

No, species has not been in domestication for at least 20 generations.

1.02

Answer not scored because conditions for scoring (1.01 must = y) were not met

1.03

Answer not scored because conditions for scoring (1.01 must = y) were not met

2.01

(1)"Distribution: Thailand, Malesiana, and Australia." (2)Appears is a table of alien species recorded in Doon Valley, NW Himalaya (3)"Queensland native" (4)"Native of Northeastern Australia" (5)Collected at the following locations in the state of Hawaii: "Hawaiian Islands Kauai, Hawaiian Islands Oahu Emerson St., school grounds, Hawaiian Islands Oahu Honolulu, Stevenson School grounds, Hawaiian Islands Oahu Univ. Hawaii, Manoa Valley, Honolulu Hawaiian Islands Oahu Hawaiian Islands Oahu Honolulu: Manoa Valley; University of Hawaii Manoa Campus, near last entrance to Hawaii Hall, Hawaiian Islands Oahu U.H. campus, near last enterance to Hawaii Hall, Manoa" (6)"This plant is relatively common in the drier areas of Central and North Queensland, west of the coastal ranges and into the Northern Territory savanna." (7)"Endemic in eastern Qld." (8)"Geographical Distribution: Australasia, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory Queensland"

(1)Ponomarenko, S.F. and M.E. Pavlova. 2003. Seed Structure in the Genus Bauhinia L. (fam. Fabaceae Lindl.) in the Context of Taxonomy. Biology Bulletin: 30(4): 361–369 (2)Negi, P.S. and Hajra, P.K. 2007. Alien flora of Doon Valley, Northwest Himalaya. Current Science 92(7): 968-978 (3)Oakman, H. 1975. Tropical and Subtropical Gardening. The Jacaranda Press. Queensland. 224 pages (4)Stearns, S. Webpage: Hawaiian Tropical Plant Nursery. Accessed 2008. http://www.hawaiiantropicalplants.com/index.html (5)The Pacific Basin Information Node of the U.S. Geological Survey. Webpage: Botanical database. Accessed 2008. http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/natscidb/default.asp?w=PBIN&pt=t (6)Just, I. 2006. Plant of the week: White Bauhinia 'Lysiphyllum hookeri.' ABC Queenland presentation aired September 6, 2006. Available on the web at: http://www.abc.net.au/queensland/stories/s1734210.htm (7)Australian Government Department of Land and Water Resources. Online Database of the Flora of Australia. Accessed 2008. Land'http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/abif/flora/ (8)White, R. Webpage: International Legume Database & Information Service. Accessed 2008. Cardiff School of Computer Science. http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/

2.02

Native range of this species is well known.

2.03

No. Plant is not able to grow in >5 USDA Hardiness zones. (1)"Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11" (2)"USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)" (3)"Hardy outdoors in zone 10 & 11"

(1)BayScience Foundation, Inc. Webpage: Zipcodezoo Plant Index. Accessed 2008. http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/ (2)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/ (3)Stearns, S. Webpage: Hawaiian Tropical Plant Nursery. Accessed 2008. http://www.hawaiiantropicalplants.com/index.html

2.04

(1)"Distribution: Thailand, Malesiana, and Australia." (2)Appears is a table of alien species recorded in Doon Valley, NW Himalaya (3)"Queensland native" (4)"Native of Northeastern Australia" (5)Collected at the following locations in the state of Hawaii: "Hawaiian Islands Kauai, Hawaiian Islands Oahu Emerson St., school grounds, Hawaiian Islands Oahu Honolulu, Stevenson School grounds, Hawaiian Islands Oahu Univ. Hawaii, Manoa Valley, Honolulu Hawaiian Islands Oahu Hawaiian Islands Oahu Honolulu: Manoa Valley; University of Hawaii Manoa Campus, near last entrance to Hawaii Hall, Hawaiian Islands Oahu U.H. campus, near last enterance to Hawaii Hall, Manoa" (6)"This plant is relatively common in the drier areas of Central and North Queensland, west of the coastal ranges and into the Northern Territory savanna." (7)"Endemic in eastern Qld." (8)"Geographical Distribution: Australasia, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory Queensland"

(1)Ponomarenko, S.F. and M.E. Pavlova. 2003. Seed Structure in the Genus Bauhinia L. (fam. Fabaceae Lindl.) in the Context of Taxonomy. Biology Bulletin: 30(4): 361–369 (2)Negi, P.S. and Hajra, P.K. 2007. Alien flora of Doon Valley, Northwest Himalaya. Current Science 92(7): 968-978 (3)Oakman, H. 1975. Tropical and Subtropical Gardening. The Jacaranda Press. Queensland. 224 pages (4)Stearns, S. Webpage: Hawaiian Tropical Plant Nursery. Accessed 2008. http://www.hawaiiantropicalplants.com/index.html (5)The Pacific Basin Information Node of the U.S. Geological Survey. Webpage: Botanical database. Accessed 2008. http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/natscidb/default.asp?w=PBIN&pt=t (6)Just, I. 2006. Plant of the week: White Bauhinia 'Lysiphyllum hookeri.' ABC Queenland presentation aired September 6, 2006. Available on the web at: http://www.abc.net.au/queensland/stories/s1734210.htm (7)Australian Government Department of Land and Water Resources. Online Database of the Flora of Australia. Accessed 2008. Land'http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/abif/flora/ (8)White, R. Webpage: International Legume Database & Information Service. Accessed 2008. Cardiff School of Computer Science. http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/

2.05

Yes. Widely distributed as a landscaping plant over the internet (1)

(1)B & T World Seeds. Webpage: B & T World Seeds Facts. Accessed 2008. http://www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com/letters.htm

3.01

No evidence in literature that this plant is naturalized anywhere outside of its native range

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

Bauhinia variagata is a weed in Florida (1)

(1)Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council. 1999. Invasive plant list (19 October 1999). Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council. Florida

4.01

No. (1)"Rounded shrub or small open tree up to 5m high x 4m diameter with an irregular ‘bonsai’ like habit providing an interesting feature subject in a garden" (2)"Bark tessellated, fissured or flaky, dark grey or brown; upper branches smooth, whitish brown. Stems puberulous, soon glabrous."

(1)Just, I. 2006. Plant of the week: White Bauhinia 'Lysiphyllum hookeri.' ABC Queenland presentation aired September 6, 2006. Available on the web at: http://www.abc.net.au/queensland/stories/s1734210.htm (2)Australian Government Department of Land and Water Resources. Online Database of the Flora of Australia. Accessed 2008. Land'http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/abif/flora/

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No, the genus Bauhinia does not appear on the USDA comprehensive list of parasitic plant genera (1)

(1)USDA Animal Plant Health Inspection Service Staff. 2008. Parasitic Plant Genera List

4.04

Composition of leaves and bark found to be digestable and palatable (1)

(1)McLoed, M.N. 1972. The digestibility and the nitrogen, phosphorus and ash contents of the leaves of some Australian trees and shrubs. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 13(62): 245 - 250

4.05

The species selected (table I ) [Bauhinia hookeri listed] are known to be grazed by animals (1)

(1)McLoed, M.N. 1972. The digestibility and the nitrogen, phosphorus and ash contents of the leaves of some Australian trees and shrubs. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 13(62): 245 - 250

4.06

Unknown

4.07

No evidence in the medical or botanical literature that it causes allergies

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1)"Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun." (2)"Sun Exposure: Full Sun"

(1)BayScience Foundation, Inc. Webpage: Zipcodezoo Plant Index. Accessed 2008. http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/ (2)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/

4.10

Yes, can grow in variety of soil types (1)"does well in hungry, red, sandy loams" (2)"6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic) 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline)" (3)"Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8" (4)"Grows in granitic, basaltic, calcareous soil, on sandstone, in clay or grey sand, sometimes on creek banks, in vine thicket, woodland, dry rainforest or Brigalow scrub."

(1)Oakman, H. 1976. Colourful Trees for Australian Gardens. Rigby Limited. Adelaide, Australia. 143 pages (2)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/ (3)BayScience Foundation, Inc. Webpage: Zipcodezoo Plant Index. Accessed 2008. http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/ (4)Australian Government Department of Land and Water Resources. Online Database of the Flora of Australia. Accessed 2008. Land'http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/abif/flora/

4.11

No. Growth habit: (1)"Rounded shrub or small open tree up to 5m high x 4m diameter with an irregular ‘bonsai’ like habit providing an interesting feature subject in a garden"

(1)Just, I. 2006. Plant of the week: White Bauhinia 'Lysiphyllum hookeri.' ABC Queenland presentation aired September 6, 2006. Available on the web at: http://www.abc.net.au/queensland/stories/s1734210.htm

4.12

No evidence

5.01

No terrestrial (1)"It's generally found in open Eucalyptus/Acacia forests and woodlands on clay soils"

(1)Just, I. 2006. Plant of the week: White Bauhinia 'Lysiphyllum hookeri.' ABC Queenland presentation aired September 6, 2006. Available on the web at: http://www.abc.net.au/queensland/stories/s1734210.htm

5.02

No. Not in the grass family Poaceae

5.03

Yes. In the family Fabaceae and with a woody growth form

5.04

No. Reproduces by seed (1)

(1)City of Townsville. 2008. Lysiphyllum hookeri fact sheet. Greening Townsville Program

6.01

Unknown

6.02

(1)"Propagation and pruning. Almost invariably raised from seed." (2)"Propigate from seed; germinate in a damp paper towel … Allow unblemished fruit to ripen; clean and dry seeds" (3)"it is possible to grow from seed, which are held in bean-like pods." (4)Seeds are available from several sources off of this website. This is further evidence that seeds are viable.

(1)Oakman, H. 1976. Colourful Trees for Australian Gardens. Rigby Limited. Adelaide, Australia. 143 pages (2)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/ (3)ust, I. 2006. Plant of the week: White Bauhinia 'Lysiphyllum hookeri.' ABC Queenland presentation aired September 6, 2006. Available on the web at: http://www.abc.net.au/queensland/stories/s1734210.htm (4)B & T World Seeds. Webpage: B & T World Seeds Facts. Accessed 2008. http://www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com/letters.htm

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown

6.05

Unlikely. Flowers are (1)"white flowers and red stamens" which are showy and visited by many types of insects.

(1)Stearns, S. Webpage: Hawaiian Tropical Plant Nursery. Accessed 2008. http://www.hawaiiantropicalplants.com/index.html

6.06

No. (1)"Almost invariably raised from seed."

(1)Oakman, H. 1976. Colourful Trees for Australian Gardens. Rigby Limited. Adelaide, Australia. 143 pages

6.07

(1)"Although it produces flower only when it is at least seven years old, during this time its delicate foliage compensates for the delay in flower production." (2)"very slow growing; may not flower until seven years old" (3)"Slow growing when small"

(1)Oakman, H. 1976. Colourful Trees for Australian Gardens. Rigby Limited. Adelaide, Australia. 143 pages (2)Oakman, H. 1975. Tropical and Subtropical Gardening. The Jacaranda Press. Queensland. 224 pages (3)Stearns, S. Webpage: Hawaiian Tropical Plant Nursery. Accessed 2008. http://www.hawaiiantropicalplants.com/index.html

7.01

No, seeds are large and conspicuous see following description: (1)"Pod oblong, sometimes curved, 6–22 cm long, 2.5–4.5 cm wide, glabrous. Seeds up to 12, ±oblong, thick, 14–15 mm long, smooth, dark brown."

(1)Australian Government Department of Land and Water Resources. Online Database of the Flora of Australia. Accessed 2008. Land'http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/abif/flora/

7.02

Admired for its: (1)"attractive small leaves … and lovely pink flowers which are their best in November."

(1)Oakman, H. 1975. Tropical and Subtropical Gardening. The Jacaranda Press. Queensland. 224 pages

7.03

No. Seeds are large and plants are not necessarily grown in proximity to produce. (1)"Pod oblong, sometimes curved, 6–22 cm long, 2.5–4.5 cm wide, glabrous. Seeds up to 12, ±oblong, thick, 14–15 mm long, smooth, dark brown." (2)Seeds weigh on average 321.0 mg and have a surface area of 0.0530 square mm

(1)Australian Government Department of Land and Water Resources. Online Database of the Flora of Australia. Accessed 2008. Land'http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/abif/flora/ (2)Ponomarenko, S.F. and M.E. Pavlova. 2003. Seed Structure in the Genus Bauhinia L. (fam. Fabaceae Lindl.) in the Context of Taxonomy. Biology Bulletin: 30(4): 361–369

7.04

(1)Seeds weigh on average 321.0 mg and have a surface area of 0.0530 square mm (2)No seeds are large "Pod oblong, sometimes curved, 6–22 cm long, 2.5–4.5 cm wide, glabrous. Seeds up to 12, ±oblong, thick, 14–15 mm long, smooth, dark brown."

(1)Ponomarenko, S.F. and M.E. Pavlova. 2003. Seed Structure in the Genus Bauhinia L. (fam. Fabaceae Lindl.) in the Context of Taxonomy. Biology Bulletin: 30(4): 361–369 (2)Australian Government Department of Land and Water Resources. Online Database of the Flora of Australia. Accessed 2008. Land'http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/abif/flora/

7.05

Unknown

7.06

Seeds are too large to be bird dispersed (1). Please refer to comments section of question 7.04 for more information

(1)Ponomarenko, S.F. and M.E. Pavlova. 2003. Seed Structure in the Genus Bauhinia L. (fam. Fabaceae Lindl.) in the Context of Taxonomy. Biology Bulletin: 30(4): 361–369

7.07

No. Seeds have no external means of attachment and are large in size (1).

(1)Ponomarenko, S.F. and M.E. Pavlova. 2003. Seed Structure in the Genus Bauhinia L. (fam. Fabaceae Lindl.) in the Context of Taxonomy. Biology Bulletin: 30(4): 361–369

7.08

Unlikely as seeds are large and are probably destroyed when masticated by ungulates or ruminants

8.01

Unknown

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown