Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Barringtonia asiatica (B. speciosa ); sea putat

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-8

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?6512 (19 January 2002)

Distributional range:
Native:
Africa: Madagascar; Seychelles
Asia-Temperate: Taiwan (in tropical, coastal forest)
Asia-Tropical: India; Malaysia; Philippines
Australasia: Australia - Queensland
Pacific: Fiji; Micronesia; Vanuatu

2.02

2.03

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?6512 (19 January 2002) 2)http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/sea_poison.htm

Distributional range:
Native:
Africa: Madagascar; Seychelles
Asia-Temperate: Taiwan (in tropical, coastal forest)
Asia-Tropical: India; Malaysia; Philippines
Australasia: Australia - Queensland
Pacific: Fiji; Micronesia; Vanuatu

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?6512 (19 January 2002)

Distributional range:
Native:
Africa: Madagascar; Seychelles
Asia-Temperate: Taiwan (in tropical, coastal forest)
Asia-Tropical: India; Malaysia; Philippines
Australasia: Australia - Queensland
Pacific: Fiji; Micronesia; Vanuatu

2.05

Sosef, M.S.M., L.T.Hong, and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Editors) (1998) Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser -known timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherland. 859 pp. page101.

"introduced into continental East Africa, Hawaii, the West Indies and St. Helena"

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

1)Swarbrick, J. T.; Hart, R. (2001) Environmental weeds of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) and their management. Plant Protection Quarterly, 2001, Vol.16, No.2, pp.54-57, 2) Little et al.1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, second volume 3)http://yp.bellsouth.com/sites/exoticplants/page3.html

1) Minor environmental weeds of the island include Antigonon leptopus, Barringtonia asiatica, Ceiba pentandra, Imperata cylindrica Leucaena leucocephala, Muntingia calabura, Nephrolepis biserrata, Nephrolepis multiflora, Pluchea indica, Psidium guajava, Ricinus communis, Senna sulfurea and Syzigium spp. An integrated system of environmental weed control is being developed on the island. It includes strict quarantine, the eradication of major weeds of limited distribution, the development of local legislation to prohibit the growing of certain plants, the encouragement of competition by native rain forest plants, limited physical and biological control, and progressive chemical control of the remaining weeds followed by rehabilitation with native rain forest seedlings. (CRITERIA FOR "MINOR WEED" NOT GIVEN, NO CONTROL EFFORT ALLOCATED FOR BARRINGTONIA. 2) Native range: South pacific and from the Phillipines to India (THIS RANGE INCLUDES CHRISTMAS ISLAND) 3)native to the islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Sosef, M.S.M., L.T.Hong, and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Editors) (1998) Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser -known timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherland. 859 pp. page 99.

smooth tree

4.02

no evidence

4.03

Sosef, M.S.M., L.T.Hong, and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Editors) (1998) Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser -known timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherland. 859 pp. page 99.

no evidence of parasitism

4.04

no evidence

4.05

Copyright 1997 © International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
reference@idrc.ca | Updated: 10 November 1998 <http://www.idrc.ca/library/document/015741/015741v.htm>

"Bark is used as fish poison (Quisumbing, 1947). " and seeds as well

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

http://biodiversity.ukm.my/catalog/mop/BarringtoniaAsiatica.html

"thick, green waxy leaves" (likely have low flamability)

4.09

4.1

seashore plant (probably not a wide soil tolerance

4.11

Sosef, M.S.M., L.T.Hong, and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Editors) (1998) Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser -known timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherland. 859 pp. page99.

large tree

4.12

Sosef, M.S.M., L.T.Hong, and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Editors) (1998) Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser -known timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherland. 859 pp. page 100.

"B. asiatica is a very characteristic element of the coastal fringe forest (Barrinonia formation) and is associated with other trees like Callophyllum inophyllum L., Casuarinaequisetifolia L., Hibiscus tiliaceua L. and pandans (Pandanus spp.) "

5.01

Sosef, M.S.M., L.T.Hong, and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Editors) (1998) Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser -known timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherland. 859 pp. page99.

terrestrial tree

5.02

Sosef, M.S.M., L.T.Hong, and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Editors) (1998) Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser -known timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherland. 859 pp. page99.

woody tree

5.03

no evidence

5.04

Sosef, M.S.M., L.T.Hong, and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Editors) (1998) Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser -known timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherland. 859 pp. page 99.

large tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Sosef, M.S.M., L.T.Hong, and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Editors) (1998) Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser -known timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherland. 859 pp. page 100.

"Barrintonia can be propagated by seed or by cuttings. Seeds of B. asiatica have about 70% gerination in 36-63 days"

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

Sosef, M.S.M., L.T.Hong, and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Editors) (1998) Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser -known timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherland. 859 pp. page 100.

"Pollination of the fragrant flowers are usually by bats or insects (mainly moths) which are also attracted by the copious nectar "

6.06

no evidnce

6.07

R. Criley, UH Department of Horticulture, Personal communication

7.01

no vidence

7.02

Sosef, M.S.M., L.T.Hong, and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Editors) (1998) Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser -known timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherland. 859 pp. page 98.

"Several Barrintonia species are planted as oramentals. B. asiatica has also een planted as windbreak and for shade. "

7.03

no evidence

7.04

large fruit

7.05

Smith J.M.B. (1992) Patterns of isseminule dispersal by drift in the southern coral sea. New-Zealand-Journal-of-Botany. 1992; 30 (1): 57-67..

AB: Assemblages of drift disseminules [common species included Aleurites moluccana, Erythrina fusca, Mucuna gigantea, Cocos nucifera, Calophyllum inophyllum and Barringtonia asiatica] are described from beaches of cays in the southern Coral Sea. Most disseminule taxa are widespread, but their proportions in assemblages vary. The patterns are concordant with prevailing winds and currents, and suggest that disseminules drift towards the southern Great Barrier Reef area in distinct streams, from the east (Fiji, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, via the Chesterfield Reefs area) and from the north or northeast (possibly New Guinea and/or the Solomon Islands). Australia-derived disseminules make a minor contribution to assemblages on cays on the southern Great Barrier Reef but none further east. Human-derived flotsam increases in areas west of Chesterfield Reefs.

7.06

large, fibrous fruit

7.07

no evidence

7.08

too big and ard to be eaten

8.01

Little et al, 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, second volume.

very large fruit, 2 inch in diameter, containing 1 seed

8.02

Ria Tan (Apr 2001) Mangrove and wetland wildlife at Sungei Buloh Nature Park <http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/sea_poison.htm>

"The fruit can survive drifting on the sea for long distances and for periods of up to 2 years. "

8.03

no evidence

8.04

Sosef, M.S.M., L.T.Hong, and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Editors) (1998) Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser -known timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherland. 859 pp. page 100.

"B. asiatica is not resistant to fire"

8.05

no evidence