Bambusa lako Widjaja E .A. (Timor Black Bamboo, Tetu, au lako, au metan, au lako meta) Synonym: Gigantochloa atroviolacea Widjaja

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

no

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

-2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence of domestication

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to East Timor, Timor Island, Indonesia

(1) http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50247212, Reinwardtia Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Pages: 57-152 Published: Nov. 19, 1997

2.02

(1) Native to East Timor, Timor Island, Indonesia

(1) http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50247212, Reinwardtia Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Pages: 57-152 Published: Nov. 19, 1997

2.03

(1) USDA zones 9b-11

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/61600/

2.04

(1) Native to East Timor, Timor Island, Indonesia

(1) http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50247212, Reinwardtia Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Pages: 57-152 Published: Nov. 19, 1997

2.05

(1) River's End Nursery in Texas and Tropical Bamboo Nursery in Florida sell this species over the internet. (2) Quindembo Bamboo in Hawaii sells B. lako

(1) http://davesgarden.com/products/ps/go/61600/ (2) http://www.bamboonursery.com/index.htm

3.01

No evidence of naturalization beyond native range. See collection areas in (1).

(1) http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getHomePageResults.do;jsessionid=EA3C9A0B09BA7D4554689DDAE40ECF57?
homePageSearchText=bambusa+lako&homePageSearchOption=scientific_name&nameOfSearchPage=home_page [Accessed 2008 Oct 24].

3.02

no evidence (1) Bambusa is a clumping bamboo and its distribution can be controlled in a garden environment.

(1) http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/HORT/FLOR/BAMBOO.PDF [accessed 2008 Oct 24].

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

(1) Bambusa vulgaris is considered to be an invasive weed. (2) Bambusa vulgaris considered invasive in the Cook Islands and the Fiji Islands.

(1) http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1399&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN [Accessed 2008 Oct 24]. (2) http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/bambusa_spp.htm [accessed 2008 Oct 24].

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns or burrs Perennial; caespitose. Rhizomes short; pachymorph. Culms erect; drooping at the tip; 1500 cm long; 30–80 mm diam.; woody. Culm-internodes terete; thin-walled; 25–35 cm long; purple and yellow; striped. Lateral branches dendroid. Branch complement several. Culm-sheaths deciduous; 10.4–11.5 cm long; 2 times as long as wide; hispid; with dark brown hairs, or black hairs; auriculate; with 4–8 mm high auricles; setose on shoulders; shoulders with 7–11 mm long hairs. Culm-sheath ligule 2–3 mm high; dentate. Culm-sheath blade triangular; erect; 2.3–4.5 cm long; 15–40 mm wide; glabrous on surface. Leaves cauline. Leaf-sheath oral hairs ciliate; 4 mm long. Leaf-sheath auricles falcate; 0.5–1 mm long. Ligule an eciliate membrane; 2 mm long; entire, or erose. Collar with external ligule. Leaf-blade base with a brief petiole-like connection to sheath. Leaf-blades lanceolate; 14.5–24.7 cm long; 24–32 mm wide. Leaf-blade surface puberulous; sparsely hairy; hairy abaxially. Leaf-blade margins scabrous. Leaf-blade apex acuminate.

(1) Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 2008 Oct 24;]

4.02

No evidence of allelopathy

4.03

No evidence of parasitism.

4.04

Don't know. (1) However, Bambusa arundinacea is grazed by domestic livestock.

(1) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3Y-48XKR9T-28&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c227bac07ef65a319703ab80f5f9a0c9 [accessed 2008 Oct 24].

4.05

No evidence in Pubmed, Toxnet or literature of toxicity to animals.

4.06

Don't know

4.07

No evidence in Pubmed, Toxnet or literature of toxicity to humans.

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) sun to part-shade (2) full sun

(1) http://www.bamboo-farm.com/bamboo.asp [accessed 2008 Oct 24]. (2) http://www.bamboonursery.com/blue_black.htm [accessed 2008 Oct 24].

4.10

(1) soil pH requirements: 5.6-6.0 (acidic) 6.1-6.5 (mildly acidic) 6.7-7.5 (neutral) (2) soil pH requirements: 5.6-6.0 (acidic) 6.1-6.5 (mildly acidic) 6.7-7.5 (neutral).

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/61600/ [accessed 2008 Oct 24]. (2)http://bonafidebamboo.com/prod02.htm [accessed 2008 )ct 24].

4.11

(1) Perennial; caespitose.

(1) Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 2008 Oct 24;]

4.12

Don't know

5.01

(1) Terrestrial Poaceae Family

(1) http://www.tropicos.org/name/50247212

5.02

(1) Poaceae Family

(1) http://www.tropicos.org/name/50247212

5.03

(1) Poaceae Family

(1) http://www.tropicos.org/name/50247212

5.04

(1) Poaceae Family

(1) http://www.tropicos.org/name/50247212

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Don't know (1) Flowering specimens unknown

(1) Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 2008 Oct 24;]

6.03

Don't know

6.04

Don't know

6.05

(1) Poaceae are wind-pollinated or self-pollinated.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

6.06

(1) Rhizome propagation (2) Reproduction by shoots, rhizomatous, clumping bamboo.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/61600/ [accessed 2008 Oct 24]. (2) http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/HORT/FLOR/BAMBOO.PDF [accessed 2008 Oct 24].

6.07

Don't know

7.01

No hooks or sticky adaptations. (1)Perennial; caespitose. Rhizomes short; pachymorph. Culms erect; drooping at the tip; 1500 cm long; 30–80 mm diam.; woody. Culm-internodes terete; thin-walled; 25–35 cm long; purple and yellow; striped. Lateral branches dendroid. Branch complement several. Culm-sheaths deciduous; 10.4–11.5 cm long; 2 times as long as wide; hispid; with dark brown hairs, or black hairs; auriculate; with 4–8 mm high auricles; setose on shoulders; shoulders with 7–11 mm long hairs. Culm-sheath ligule 2–3 mm high; dentate. Culm-sheath blade triangular; erect; 2.3–4.5 cm long; 15–40 mm wide; glabrous on surface. Leaves cauline. Leaf-sheath oral hairs ciliate; 4 mm long. Leaf-sheath auricles falcate; 0.5–1 mm long. Ligule an eciliate membrane; 2 mm long; entire, or erose. Collar with external ligule. Leaf-blade base with a brief petiole-like connection to sheath. Leaf-blades lanceolate; 14.5–24.7 cm long; 24–32 mm wide. Leaf-blade surface puberulous; sparsely hairy; hairy abaxially. Leaf-blade margins scabrous. Leaf-blade apex acuminate.

(1) Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 2008 Oct 24;]

7.02

(1) River's End Nursery in Texas and Tropical Bamboo Nursery in Florida sell this species over the internet. (2) Quindembo Bamboo in Hawaii sells B. lako

(1) http://davesgarden.com/products/ps/go/61600/ (2) http://www.bamboonursery.com/index.htm

7.03

In regards to the genus Bambusa (1)"Rarely fruits. Therefore seeds are uncommon"

(1)McClure, F.A. 1938. Notes on bamboo culture, with special reference to southern China. The Hong Kong Naturalist. 9 (1 & 2): 1-19

7.04

(1)"The seed of bamboos, as of other grasses, is usually a dry, one-seeded fruit called a caryopsis, which may be compared with a grain of wheat or oats in size and appearance."

(1)McClure, F.A. 1938. Notes on bamboo culture, with special reference to southern China. The Hong Kong Naturalist. 9 (1 & 2): 1-19

7.05

Don't know

7.06

Unlikely as Bambusa rarely fruits. In addition the seed is a dry, one-seeded non-fleshy fruit (1)

(1)McClure, F.A. 1938. Notes on bamboo culture, with special reference to southern China. The Hong Kong Naturalist. 9 (1 & 2): 1-19

7.07

No hooks or external means of attachment, plus species within Bambusa rarely fruit. (1) "The seed of bamboos, as of other grasses, is usually a dry, one-seeded fruit called a caryopsis, which may be compared with a grain of wheat or oats in size and appearance. Sometimes, however, as in the genus Dendrocalamus, the fruit is larger and nut-like, while in Melocanna, it is the size and shape of a large pear, and has a fleshy pericarp, or layer, outside the seed."

(1)McClure, F.A. 1938. Notes on bamboo culture, with special reference to southern China. The Hong Kong Naturalist. 9 (1 & 2): 1-19

7.08

Don't know

8.01

Rarely fruits. In regards to the genus Bambusa (1)"These plants fruit so rarely in this region (southern China), however, that it is not deemed worth while to devote much attention here to the matter of propagation by seed. Furthermore, the seeds are relatively short-lived and, as a rule the germination rate of most kinds drops rapidly when the seeds are stored under ordinary conditions."

(1)McClure, F.A. 1938. Notes on bamboo culture, with special reference to southern China. The Hong Kong Naturalist. 9 (1 & 2): 1-19

8.02

Rarely fruits. In regards to the genus Bambusa (1)"These plants fruit so rarely in this region (southern China), however, that it is not deemed worth while to devote much attention here to the matter of propagation by seed. Furthermore, the seeds are relatively short-lived and, as a rule the germination rate of most kinds drops rapidly when the seeds are stored under ordinary conditions."

(1)McClure, F.A. 1938. Notes on bamboo culture, with special reference to southern China. The Hong Kong Naturalist. 9 (1 & 2): 1-19

8.03

Don't know (1) Bamboos that have runners may have some control with glyphosate.

(1) http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/HORT/FLOR/BAMBOO.PDF [accessed 2008 Oct 24].

8.04

Don't know. (1) Bambusa arundinacea seedling survival has been enhanced by fire.

(1) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3Y-48XKR9T-28&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c227bac07ef65a319703ab80f5f9a0c9

8.05

Don't know.