Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y= 1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

-2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-3

Notes

Source

1.01

No, apparently this is a recently named species (1)A cluster of probably more or less synonymous cultivar names have accompanied the introduction of this recently named species. These include ‗Malay Dwarf‘, ‗Malay Variegated‘, and ‗Indonesian Variegated‘. There may be confusion caused by the fact that the name ‗Malay Dwarf‘ is applied to this species and to Bambusa heterostachya (Munro) Holttum, which is synonymous with Gigantochloa heterostachya Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. 26. 1868. 25, based on cultivated material from Malacca on the Mayasian Peninsula (OHR). Although some growers regard Bambusa glaucophylla as synonymous with B. heterostachya, they are based on different original material from different places. Dr. E. Widjaja (WID, 1998), authority on Indonesian bamboos, listed these as separate species. Persons interested in the taxonomy surrounding the name B. heterostachya should consult Widjaja, E. A. 1987. A revision of Malesian Gigantochloa (Poaceae- Bambusoideae). Reinwardtia 10: 291-380. 1987.

(1)Edited by Rogers, G.R. 2008. Cultivated Plants of Palm Beach County. Palm Beach Community College Environmental Studies Publication.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)DISTRIBUTION Asia-tropical: Malesia. (2)List of bamboo species in Indonesia … Bambusa glaucophylla

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 25 Feb. 2008] (2) Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. International Network for Bamboo and Rattan. 2005. Global Forest Resources Assessment Indonesia Country Report on Bamboo Resources. Working Paper 1419. Rome, 2006

2.02

No computer analysis was performed on the climate data, therefore WRA protocol requires the score = 2

2.03

No, does not grow in 5 or more USDA hardiness zones (1)USDA Hardiness Zones 9-11 (2)Minimum Temperature: 30o F. (3)USDA Hardiness Zone: 10 to 11 (4)Long, narrow, highly variegated leaves. Introduced as 'Taiwan variegated'. One of the few small growing tropical bamboos. Grows in a bush-like habit. May grow to 12' with 3/4" dia. culms. Min. temp 25°F.

(1)http://www.bamboos.com/Mid%20size%20bamboo_1.html [accessed 2/25/08] (2)http://www.bamboo4u.com/Bambusa.html [accessed 2/26/08] (3)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_f0c5.html [accessed 2/26/08] (4)http://www.bamboofestival.com/bamboo_shopping.asp?bid=24&bamboo=Bambusa%20glaucophylla%20(heterostachya) [accessed 2/26/08]

2.04

(1)DISTRIBUTION Asia-tropical: Malesia.

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 25 Feb. 2008]

2.05

Species cultivated and distributed in MA (1), CA (2,3,4), FL (5,6,7,8,9,10) and HI (11,12,13)

(1)Burt Associates Bamboo P.O. Box 719 3 Landmark Rd Westford, MA 01886 USA (2)Rainforest Bamboos 15583 Aspen Court Chino Hills, CA 91709 (3)Bamboo Headquarters.com 2498 Majella Road Vista, CA 92084 (4)Pura Vida Tropicals 1541 Sunset Drive Vista, CA 92081 (5)Tropical Bamboo, Inc. 2929 G Road East Loxahatchee, FL 33470 (6)Palm Beach Bamboo Inc., 18520 49 th st N Loxahatchee, FL 33470 (7)A Bamboo Man 7810 SW 118 Street Miami, FL 33156 (8)Bamboo For You 4812 253rd St. E. Myakka City, FL 34251 (9)Bountiful Earth, Inc., 1200 West Canal Street New Smyrna Beach, FL 32168 (10)Healing Garden & Bamboo 9299 county line rd spring hill, FL 34608 (11)Quindembo Bamboo Nursery 62-2182 O'uli St.Kamuela, HI 96743 (12)GaiaYoga Nursery RR2 #3334 Pahoa, HI 96778 (13)Whispering Winds Bamboo HC1 Box 180 Hana, HI 96713

3.01

No evidence

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

The following was considered sufficient evidence for conspecific weediness (1)"Bambusa vulgaris ia an escaped exotic (in Florida) that spreads aggressively" (2)Accepted species within this genera follow:affinis, alamii, albolineata, amahussana, amplexicaulis,angustiaurita, angustissima, arnhemica, aurinuda, australis, balcooa, basihirsuta, beecheyana, bicicatricata, binghamii, blumeana, boniopsis, brevispicula, brunneoaciculia, burmanica, cacharensis, cerosissima, chungii, chunii, clavata, comillensis, contracta, copelandii, corniculata, cornigera, crispiaurita, diaoluoshanensis, dissimulator, distegia, dolichoclada, duriuscula, emeiensis, eutuldoides, farinacea, fimbriligulata, flexuosa, fruticosa, funghomii, gibba, gibboides, glabrovagina, glaucophylla, grandis, griffithiana, guangxiensis, hainanensis, heterostachya, horsfieldii, inaurita, indigena, insularis, intermedia, jacobsii, khasiana, kingiana, lako, lapidea, latideltata, laxa, lenta, longipalea, longispiculata, macrolemma, macrotis, maculata, malingensis, marginata, merrillii, microcephala, mollis, moreheadiana, multiplex, mutabilis, nepalensis, nutans, odashimae, oldhamii, oliveriana, ooh, pachinensis, pallida, papillata, papillatoides, pervariabilis, pierreana, piscatorum, polymorpha, procera, prominens, Siaramispinosa, remotiflora, riauensis, rigida, riparia, rongchengensis, rugata, rutila, salarkhanii, schizostachyoides, semitecta, sesquiflora, sinospinosa, solomonensis, stenoaurita, subaequalis, subtruncata, surrecta, teres, textilis, truncata, tsangii, tulda, tuldoides, utilis, valida, variostriata, villosula, vinhphuensis, viridis, vulgaris, wenchouensis, xiashanensis, xueana (3)(in regards to an unknown species of Bambusa): "Usually an ornamental grass, it does escape and become a weed problem. An extensive system of rhizomes spreads it away from the original planting. The stem is woody and has expanded nodes. Economic uses include fishing poles and garden stakes. It has given its name to another plant with semi woody stems with swollen nodes. See Mexican Bamboo" (4)The following comments are in regards to "Bambusa spp., Phyllostachys spp., and others"… "the control of weedy or invasive woody species and large perennial grasses, such as bamboo, can be difficult … they share one very important characteristic: following mechanical removal of shoot material, resprouting can occur rapidly from root crowns, rhizomes, or basal and low-growing stems. In many cases, the resprouting shoots will outnumber the original plants. This increases the difficulty of control." (5)"Major garden escapee weeds … Tall grasses … Giant bamboo (Bambusa sp.) Bamboo (Bambusa spp.)"

(1)Edited by Rogers, G.R. 2008. Cultivated Plants of Palm Beach County. Palm Beach Community College Environmental Studies Publication. (2)Clayton, D. and K.T. Harman. 2007. Database: World Grass Flora Nomenclature. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Richmond, Surrey, UK (3)Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Website: Lawn and Garden The New Jersey Weed Gallery. Accessed 2008. http://njaes.rutgers.edu/weeds/ (4)J.M. DiTomaso and Kyser G.B. 2008. Woody Weed Invaders Integrated Pest Management in the Landscape. Pest Notes Publication 74142: 1-4 (5)Government of Western Austrialia. January 2000. Water notes. Advisory Notes for Land Managers on River and Wetland Restoration. Water and Rivers Commission. Water Notes: 15

4.01

No, see botanical description for this taxa (1)"Perennial; caespitose. Rhizomes short; pachymorph. Culms erect; straight, or zigzag; erect at the tip; 500 cm long; 15–25 mm diam.; woody. Culm-internodes terete; thick-walled; 20–25 cm long; mid-green; distally glabrous, or pilose. Lateral branches dendroid. Buds or branches present on lower quarter of culm. Branch complement three, or several. Culm-sheaths deciduous; 8–12 cm long; hispid; with dark brown hairs, or black hairs; auriculate; with 2 mm high auricles; ciliate on shoulders; shoulders with 2–3 mm long hairs. Culm-sheath ligule 1–2 mm high; entire, or lacerate. Culm-sheath blade triangular; constricted at base; erect; glabrous on surface. Leaves cauline. Leaf-sheaths glabrous on surface, or pilose; hairs white, or black. Leaf-sheath oral hairs lacking. Leaf-sheath auricles falcate; 1–2 mm long. Ligule an eciliate membrane; 1 mm long. Collar with external ligule. Leaf-blade base with a brief petiole-like connection to sheath. Leaf-blades lanceolate; 5–12 cm long; 10–15 mm wide; mid-green; variegated (white stripe). Leaf-blade surface glabrous. Leaf-blade margins scabrous. Leaf-blade apex acuminate."

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 25 Feb. 2008]

4.02

There is no documentation in the horticultural literature suggesting this species is allelopathic

4.03

No, the genus Bambusa does not appear on the USDA comprehensive list of parasitic plant gernera (1)

(1)http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/permits/organism/federal_noxious_weeds.shtml [accessed 2/25/08]

4.04

(1)"Bamboos tend to be highly nutritious and stock love to get at them. However three points must be noted in relation to their edibility. Firstly several species of bamboo (mostly tropical ones) contain hydrocyanic acid in their new shoots, noticeable as a bitterness. This substance can cause poisoning if eaten in sufficient quantity, but is easily removed by boiling for human consumption. In some parts of the world (mainly the tropics), bamboo shoots are routinely protected from cattle for this reason, until the shoots have grown to full height, when they leaf up and the leaves are highly nutritious (more or less depending on the time of year). Many other types of plant that stock regularly eat contain small levels of toxins, it is only if they eat too much at once that there is any danger of adverse effects. Some species of bamboo are much less toxic than others, e.g. Phyllostachys species (especially P. aurea which is edible raw by humans). Shoots of several Phyllostachys species are eaten by dairy cows without any adverse effects." (2)[in regards to Bambusa spp.) "During the period of shortage of green fodder i.e.In winter, tree leaves are fed to the livestock … followed by Bambusa is considered the best fodder by the local villagers. However, though these have been found to be nutritious but are deficient in zinc"

(1)Forest Floor (FF) New Zealand Native Tree Nursery. Webpage: Bamboo for pasture. Accessed 2008. http://www.forestfloor.co.nz/ff/bamboopastoral.htm (2)ingh. G. 2000. Trends and constraints in livestock rearing in Changer areas of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology & Development. 8(2): 23-26

4.05

Unknown. Insufficient information

4.06

Unknown. Insufficient information

4.07

Unknown. Insufficient information

4.08

Unknown. Insufficient information

4.09

Unknown. Insufficient information

4.10

(1)pH Range: 5.5 to 6.5 Soil Range: Sandy Loam to Clay Loam

(1)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_f0c5.html [accessed 2/26/08]

4.11

Description of growth habit follows. It does not illustrate a climbing or smothering habit (1)"A dense, bushy plant suitable for hedging. The long, narrow leaves are variegated. Happy in wind and sun, this plant is a good choice if you need a dense, shortish screen. Variegation is best in the sun. Easy to prune to any height." (2)"Dense, erect, bushy, variegated. Used as an ornamental hedge, easy to prune to desired shape. Previously sold as Bambusa variegata." (3)"HABIT Perennial; caespitose"

(1)Quindembo Bambooo Nursery Website. Accessed 2008. http://www.bamboonursery.com/catalog.asp (2)Rehor, J. Accessed 2008. RainForest Clumping Bamboos Homepage. http://www.rainforestbamboos.com/clumpingboo.html (3)W.D. Clayton, K.T. Harman and H. Williamson. Website: GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Accessed 2008. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Richmond, Surrey, UK. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html

4.12

Description of growth habit suggests a dense growth (1)"A dense, bushy plant suitable for hedging. The long, narrow leaves are variegated. Happy in wind and sun, this plant is a good choice if you need a dense, shortish screen. Variegation is best in the sun. Easy to prune to any height." (2)"Dense, erect, bushy, variegated. Used as an ornamental hedge, easy to prune to desired shape. Previously sold as Bambusa variegata." (3)"HABIT Perennial; caespitose"

(1)Quindembo Bambooo Nursery Website. Accessed 2008. http://www.bamboonursery.com/catalog.asp (2)Rehor, J. Accessed 2008. RainForest Clumping Bamboos Homepage. http://www.rainforestbamboos.com/clumpingboo.html (3)W.D. Clayton, K.T. Harman and H. Williamson. Website: GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Accessed 2008. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Richmond, Surrey, UK. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

In Poaceae

5.03

No evidence of any Nitrogen-fixing capabilities in this species

5.04

No, following WRA protocol which states "Answer ‘no’ for annual taxa and those with rhizomes/stolons"(1)Perennial; caespitose. Rhizomes short; pachymorph

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 25 Feb. 2008]

6.01

Unknown. Insufficient information

6.02

(1)Flowering specimens unknown.

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 25 Feb. 2008]

6.03

Unknown. Insufficient information

6.04

Unknown. Insufficient information

6.05

(1)Flowering specimens unknown. (2)Species of the Poaceae are generally wind-pollinated. "The reduced flowers are anemophilous…The feathery stigmas are well adapted to catching the wind-borne pollen."

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 25 Feb. 2008] (2)Zomlefer, W. B. 1994. Guide to the Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC.

6.06

(1)A dense, bushy bamboo that is variegated. Often used to make ornamental hedges, it is easily shaped by pruning. Clump bamboos have underground stems that sprout vertical shoots much closer to their parent plants, growing slowly outward. Clumpers tend to be tropical or subtropical. (2) [regarding the genus Bambusa] The rhizomes will not run sideways, but large mature rhizomes will produce enormous pressure if forced to grow in a small area.

(1)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_f0c5.html [accessed 2/26/08] (2)http://www.endangeredspecies.com/Plants/Bamboo/Text/Names/Descriptions/Ba/Bambusa/B.htm [accessed 2/26/08]

6.07

Unknown. Insufficient information

7.01

(1)Flowering specimens unknown.

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 25 Feb. 2008]

7.02

This taxa has a number of traits that make it attractive to the horticultural industry. Some positive descriptions typical of the types of reviews this taxa recieves follow. (1)A spectacular and unusual bamboo with variegated leaves. It can be used to create a wonderful hedge, a single bush, or by trimming the lower branches, a dense low canopy. (2)This is one of the "dwarf" bamboos. It is very bushy with variegated leaves. It also will perform a little better in lower light conditions than most other bamboos. Malay Dwarf will top out at about 15 feet, with canes up to about an inch in diameter. Because of its dense foliage, this bamboo will make a beautiful hedge. With its white and green variegated leaves, it is also a very attractive ornamental, especially set off in the garden by darker foliage plants in the background. (3)Bambusa glaucophylla - Malay Dwarf - A new and valuable addition. This tropical, clumping bamboo grows to a maximum height of 12 feet and is thus excellent for hedges of moderate height. The green culms bear long and narrow leaves with white variegation. Variegation can be overpowering on a large plant but this one has it right; subdued and attractive.

(1)http://www.bamboo4u.com/Bambusa.html [accessed 2/26/08] (2)Edited by Rogers, G.R. 2008. Cultivated Plants of Palm Beach County. Palm Beach Community College Environmental Studies Publication. (4)Burt Associates Bamboo Catalog. 2008. Westford, MA.

7.03

(1)Flowering specimens unknown.

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 25 Feb. 2008]

7.04

Unknown. Insufficient information

7.05

Unknown. Insufficient information

7.06

(1)Flowering specimens unknown.

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 25 Feb. 2008]

7.07

(1)Flowering specimens unknown.

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 25 Feb. 2008]

7.08

(1)Flowering specimens unknown.

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 25 Feb. 2008]

8.01

(1)Flowering specimens unknown.

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 25 Feb. 2008]

8.02

Unknown. Insufficient information

8.03

Unknown. Insufficient information

8.04

Unknown. Insufficient information

8.05

Unknown. Insufficient information