Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y= 1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

-2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence that this species has been domesticated for at least 20 generations. It was only imported into the US in 1990 "This rare Chinese import cleared U.S.D.A. quarantine in the 1990's." (2)"In the early 1950s Guangdong and Guangxi Institutes of Forestry conducted systematic research on the vegetative propagation of … Lignania chungii [a synonym of Bambusa chungii]"

(1)Tropical Bamboo®, Inc. Website: Tropical Bamboo Nursery The Bamboo Plant Source. Accessed 2008. http://www.tropicalbamboo.com/find_bamboo.asp (2)Hsiung, W. 1987. Bamboo in China: new prospects for an ancient resource. Unasylva No. 156.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)[Native to] "Southcentral, Southeast. China" (2)Species is native to southcentral and southeast China. Major vegetation zones in these areas follow: "subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, tropical monsoon rainforest and tropical rainforest, alpine." (3)Map of areas where collected in southeastern/central China. (4)[native to] "China, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong" (5)Bambusa chungii found: "Locality: China: Guangxi: lowland hilly areas, 100-500 m"

(1)Clayton, D. and K.T. Harman. 2007. Database: World Grass Flora Nomenclature. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Richmond, Surrey, UK (2)Zhao, J., Z. Guangmei, W. Huadong and X. Jialin. 1990. The Natural History of China. Swallow Publishing Limited. McGraw-Hill Book Company (3)Missouri Botanical Garden ArcIMS Prototype Webpage. Accessed 2008. http://mobot1.mobot.org/website/ (4)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses. Taylor & Francis Group. 2408 pages (5)Missouri Botanical Garden Webpage: Tropicos Database Home. Accessed 2008. http://test.tropicos.org/Home.aspx

2.02

The plant has a native range that encompasses sub-tropical climate zones

2.03

(1)No, does not grow in > 5 USDA Hardiness Zones "USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)" (2)"Minimum Temperature -10° C" (3)"USDA Hardiness Zone: 8 to 11"

(1)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/ (2)Red Cloud Bamboo Nursery Website: Bamboo Varieties Page. Accessed 2008. http://www.redcloudbamboo.com.au/varieties.html (3)Backyardgardener, LLC Website: Backyardgardener Plant Encyclopedia. Accessed 2008. http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantsearch.html

2.04

(1)[Native to] "Southcentral, Southeast. China" (2)Species is native to southcentral and southeast China. Major vegetation zones in these areas follow: "subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, tropical monsoon rainforest and tropical rainforest, alpine." (3)Map of areas where collected in southeastern/central China. (4)[native to] "China, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong" (5)Bambusa chungii found: "Locality: China: Guangxi: lowland hilly areas, 100-500 m"

(1)Clayton, D. and K.T. Harman. 2007. Database: World Grass Flora Nomenclature. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Richmond, Surrey, UK (2)Zhao, J., Z. Guangmei, W. Huadong and X. Jialin. 1990. The Natural History of China. Swallow Publishing Limited. McGraw-Hill Book Company (3)Missouri Botanical Garden ArcIMS Prototype Webpage. Accessed 2008. http://mobot1.mobot.org/website/ (4)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses. Taylor & Francis Group. 2408 pages (5)Missouri Botanical Garden Webpage: Tropicos Database Home. Accessed 2008. http://test.tropicos.org/Home.aspx

2.05

(1)Species cultivated and distributed in AZ, CA, FL, TX and HI

(1)American Bamboo Society (ABS) Website: Species Source List. Accessed 2008. http://www.bambooweb.info/ShowSources.php?Type=S&BooID=16

3.01

No evidence that species has naturalized beyond native range. See map of where specimens have been collected in (1)

(1)Missouri Botanical Garden ArcIMS Prototype Webpage. Accessed 2008. http://mobot1.mobot.org/website/

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

The following was considered sufficient evidence for conspecific weediness (1)"Bambusa vulgaris ia an escaped exotic (in Florida) that spreads aggressively" (2)Accepted species within this genera follow:affinis, alamii, albolineata, amahussana, amplexicaulis,angustiaurita, angustissima, arnhemica, aurinuda, australis, balcooa, basihirsuta, beecheyana, bicicatricata, binghamii, blumeana, boniopsis, brevispicula, brunneoaciculia, burmanica, cacharensis, cerosissima, chungii, chunii, clavata, comillensis, contracta, copelandii, corniculata, cornigera, crispiaurita, diaoluoshanensis, dissimulator, distegia, dolichoclada, duriuscula, emeiensis, eutuldoides, farinacea, fimbriligulata, flexuosa, fruticosa, funghomii, gibba, gibboides, glabrovagina, glaucophylla, grandis, griffithiana, guangxiensis, hainanensis, heterostachya, horsfieldii, inaurita, indigena, insularis, intermedia, jacobsii, khasiana, kingiana, lako, lapidea, latideltata, laxa, lenta, longipalea, longispiculata, macrolemma, macrotis, maculata, malingensis, marginata, merrillii, microcephala, mollis, moreheadiana, multiplex, mutabilis, nepalensis, nutans, odashimae, oldhamii, oliveriana, ooh, pachinensis, pallida, papillata, papillatoides, pervariabilis, pierreana, piscatorum, polymorpha, procera, prominens, Siaramispinosa, remotiflora, riauensis, rigida, riparia, rongchengensis, rugata, rutila, salarkhanii, schizostachyoides, semitecta, sesquiflora, sinospinosa, solomonensis, stenoaurita, subaequalis, subtruncata, surrecta, teres, textilis, truncata, tsangii, tulda, tuldoides, utilis, valida, variostriata, villosula, vinhphuensis, viridis, vulgaris, wenchouensis, xiashanensis, xueana (3)(in regards to an unknown species of Bambusa): "Usually an ornamental grass, it does escape and become a weed problem. An extensive system of rhizomes spreads it away from the original planting. The stem is woody and has expanded nodes. Economic uses include fishing poles and garden stakes. It has given its name to another plant with semi woody stems with swollen nodes. See Mexican Bamboo" (4)The following comments are in regards to "Bambusa spp., Phyllostachys spp., and others"… "the control of weedy or invasive woody species and large perennial grasses, such as bamboo, can be difficult … they share one very important characteristic: following mechanical removal of shoot material, resprouting can occur rapidly from root crowns, rhizomes, or basal and low-growing stems. In many cases, the resprouting shoots will outnumber the original plants. This increases the difficulty of control." (5)"Major garden escapee weeds … Tall grasses … Giant bamboo (Bambusa sp.) Bamboo (Bambusa spp.)"

(1)Edited by Rogers, G.R. 2008. Cultivated Plants of Palm Beach County. Palm Beach Community College Environmental Studies Publication. (2)Clayton, D. and K.T. Harman. 2007. Database: World Grass Flora Nomenclature. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Richmond, Surrey, UK (3)Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Website: Lawn and Garden The New Jersey Weed Gallery. Accessed 2008. http://njaes.rutgers.edu/weeds/ (4)J.M. DiTomaso and Kyser G.B. 2008. Woody Weed Invaders Integrated Pest Management in the Landscape. Pest Notes Publication 74142: 1-4 (5)Government of Western Austrialia. January 2000. Water notes. Advisory Notes for Land Managers on River and Wetland Restoration. Water and Rivers Commission. Water Notes: 15

4.01

No, see botanical description for this taxa (1)"Perennial; caespitose. Rhizomes short; pachymorph. Culms erect; 1200–1800 cm long; 30–50 mm diam.; woody; without nodal roots. Culm-internodes terete; thin-walled; 40–100 cm long; glaucous. Culm-nodes pubescent. Lateral branches dendroid. Branch complement many; with subequal branches. Culm-sheaths yellow; pubescent; with appressed hairs; auriculate; setose on shoulders. Culm-sheath ligule fimbriate, or ciliolate, or ciliate. Culm-sheath blade narrowly ovate; reflexed; pubescent. Leaves cauline. Leaf-sheaths glabrous on surface. Leaf-sheath oral hairs setose. Leaf-sheath auricles falcate. Ligule an eciliate membrane. Collar with external ligule. Leaf-blade base asymmetrical; with a brief petiole-like connection to sheath. Leaf-blades linear, or lanceolate; 10–20 cm long; 20–35 mm wide. Leaf-blade venation with 10–12 secondary veins. Leaf-blade surface pubescent; hairy abaxially. Leaf-blade apex acuminate."

(1)W.D. Clayton, K.T. Harman and H. Williamson. Website: GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Accessed 2008. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Richmond, Surrey, UK. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html

4.02

There is no documentation in the horticultural literature suggesting this species is allelopathic

4.03

No, the genus Bambusa does not appear on the USDA comprehensive list of parasitic plant gernera (1)

(1)http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/permits/organism/federal_noxious_weeds.shtml [accessed 2/25/08]

4.04

(1)"Bamboos tend to be highly nutritious and stock love to get at them. However three points must be noted in relation to their edibility. Firstly several species of bamboo (mostly tropical ones) contain hydrocyanic acid in their new shoots, noticeable as a bitterness. This substance can cause poisoning if eaten in sufficient quantity, but is easily removed by boiling for human consumption. In some parts of the world (mainly the tropics), bamboo shoots are routinely protected from cattle for this reason, until the shoots have grown to full height, when they leaf up and the leaves are highly nutritious (more or less depending on the time of year). Many other types of plant that stock regularly eat contain small levels of toxins, it is only if they eat too much at once that there is any danger of adverse effects. Some species of bamboo are much less toxic than others, e.g. Phyllostachys species (especially P. aurea which is edible raw by humans). Shoots of several Phyllostachys species are eaten by dairy cows without any adverse effects." (2)[in regards to Bambusa spp.) "During the period of shortage of green fodder i.e.
In winter, tree leaves are fed to the livestock … followed by Bambusa is considered the best fodder by the local villagers. However, though these have been found to be nutritious but are deficient in zinc"

(1)Forest Floor (FF) New Zealand Native Tree Nursery. Webpage: Bamboo for pasture. Accessed 2008. http://www.forestfloor.co.nz/ff/bamboopastoral.htm (2)ingh. G. 2000. Trends and constraints in livestock rearing in Changer areas of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology & Development. 8(2): 23-26

4.05

Unknown. Insufficient information

4.06

Unknown. Insufficient information

4.07

Unknown. Insufficient information

4.08

Unknown. Insufficient information

4.09

Unknown. Insufficient information

4.10

(1)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/ (2)Backyardgardener, LLC Website: Backyardgardener Plant Encyclopedia. Accessed 2008. http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantsearch.html

4.11

Description of growth habit follows. It is not display a climbing or smothering habit:(1) "Bambusa chungii (Blue Bamboo) Loose clumping. Height 30 feet. Culms 3". Cold hardy to 22 degrees. Striking blue-green culms covered with white powder. Used in paper-making and weaving." (2)"Culms 5–10(–18) m, 3–5(–7) cm in diam.; internodes 30–45(–100) cm, initially white powdery, glabrous; wall 3–5 mm thick; nodes flat; sheath scars corky, initially with a ring of dense, brown hairs; branching from distal nodes only. Branches many, subequal. Culm sheaths deciduous, thinly leathery, initially white powdery, silky hairy, apex later glabrous, concave; auricles narrowly oblong, glossy; ligule ca. 1.5 mm, serrulate or long fimbriate; blade deciduous, strongly reflexed, base 1/5–1/3 as wide as sheath apex, adaxially hispidulous. Leaf sheaths glabrous; auricles usually developed; oral setae straight; blade lanceolate, 10–16(–20) × 1–2(–3.5) cm. Pseudospikelets ca. 2 cm; gemmiferous bracts 1 or 2; florets 4 or 5. Glumes 1 or 2; lemma 9–12 mm; palea about as long as lemma. Styles 1–2 mm; stigmas 3 or 2. Caryopsis triangular, 8–9 mm. The culms are used for weaving and papermaking. The species is also planted as an ornamental because of the dense, persistent, white wax on the culms. Lowland hilly areas; 100–500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, S Hunan, SE Yunnan."

(1)Educational Concerns for Hunger Organization (ECHO). Webpage: Bamboo resources. Accessed 1998. http://www.echotech.org/mambo/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=107 (2)South China Botanical Gardens (SCBG). Webpage: Bambusa chungii in A Checklist for SCBG. Accessed 2008. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=610&taxon_id=242307591

4.12

Description of growth habit suggests a dense growth (1)"HABIT Perennial; caespitose." (2)"All Bambusa species are strongly clump-forming."

(1)W.D. Clayton, K.T. Harman and H. Williamson. Website: GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Accessed 2008. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Richmond, Surrey, UK. (2)Recht, C. and M.F. Wetterwald. 1992. Bamboos. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

In Poaceae

5.03

No evidence of any Nitrogen-fixing capabilities in this species

5.04

No, following WRA protocol which states "Answer ‘no’ for annual taxa and those with rhizomes/stolons"(1)"Perennial; caespitose. Rhizomes short; pachymorph. Culms erect; 1200–1800 cm long; 30–50 mm diam.; woody"

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 23 March 2008]

6.01

Unknown. Insufficient information

6.02

(1)Viable seed is available for purchase from B & T World Seeds. (2)Under laboratory conditions, female B. chungii was successfully crossed with male Phyllostachys edulis (reverse e.g. male B. chungii and female P. edulis was unsuccessful)

(1)B & T World Seeds. Webpage: B & T World Seeds Facts. Accessed 2008. http://www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com/letters.htm (2)Rao, A.N. 1998. Genetic diversity of woody bamboos. Proceedings of a workshop 10-17 May 1998, Bamboo Conservation, Diversitym Ecogeographym Germplasm, Resource Utilization and Taxonomy

6.03

Unlikely (1)No offspring produced when crossed with several conspecifics. (2) Some evidence it is possible. Under laboratory conditions, female B. chungii was successfully crossed with male Phyllostachys edulis (reverse e.g. male B. chungii and female P. edulis was unsuccessful)

(1)Fu Maoyi. 1995. A review on crossing between bamboo species. Pp. 87-98 in Genetic enhancement of Bamboo and Rattan. (J.T. Williams, I.V.R. Rao and A.N. Rao, eds.). INBAR-New Delhi, IPGRI-APO, Singapore and FORTIP, Los Baños, Philippines (2)Rao, A.N. 1998. Genetic diversity of woody bamboos. Proceedings of a workshop 10-17 May 1998, Bamboo Conservation, Diversitym Ecogeographym Germplasm, Resource Utilization and Taxonomy

6.04

Unknown. Insufficient information

6.05

(1)Species of the Poaceae are generally wind-pollinated. "The reduced flowers are anemophilous…The feathery stigmas are well adapted to catching the wind-borne pollen."

(1)Zomlefer, W. B. 1994. Guide to the Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC.

6.06

(1)"Propagation Methods: By dividing the rootball By dividing rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs (including offsets) By air layering" (2)"In the early 1950s Guangdong and Guangxi Institutes of Forestry conducted systematic research on the vegetative propagation of … Lignania chungii [a synonym of Bambusa chungii], important commercial bamboos in southern China. Culm nodes and large branches with dormant buds were selected for cuttings that produced a large number of young propagules for planting. Such work contributed greatly to the development of bamboo production in Guangdong and Guangxi."

(1)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/ (2)Hsiung, W. 1987. Bamboo in China: new prospects for an ancient resource. Unasylva No. 156.

6.07

Unknown. Insufficient information

7.01

Rarely fruits. In regards to the genus Bambusa (1)"These plants fruit so rarely in this region (southern China), however, that it is not deemed worth while to devote much attention here to the matter of propagation by seed. Furthermore, the seeds are relatively short-lived and, as a rule the germination rate of most kinds drops rapidly when the seeds are stored under ordinary conditions."

(1)McClure, F.A. 1938. Notes on bamboo culture, with special reference to southern China. The Hong Kong Naturalist. 9 (1 & 2): 1-19

7.02

This taxa has a number of traits that make it attractive to the horticultural industry. (1)"A fine white powder covering the new culms this green bamboo creates a beautiful powder blue effect. This bloom lingers for a full season. The internodes (distance between the bamboo culm’s segments) are particulary long, adding to this bamboo's graceful appearance. We like this bamboo so much that we have planted several clumps to create a grove. 25-30 ft tall, 2.5 inch culms, 21 F min temp" (2)"A stunning, mystical bamboo. Thin-walled culms are covered with persistent, dense white bloom, giving them a pale blue appearance. Slightly open clumper that will grow to at least 30' tall with 2" dia. Culms. This rare Chinese import cleared U.S.D.A. quarantine in the 1990's. Also called Emperor's Blue Bamboo & White Bamboo. Min. temp 21°F"

(1)Holmes Bamboo Nursery Webpage: Complete species list. Accessed 2008. http://www.holmesbamboo.com/websiteupdates/complete_list_04.html (2)Tropical Bamboo®, Inc. Website: Tropical Bamboo Nursery The Bamboo Plant Source. Accessed 2008. http://www.tropicalbamboo.com/find_bamboo.asp

7.03

In regards to the genus Bambusa (1)"Rarely fruits. Therefore seeds are uncommon"

(1)McClure, F.A. 1938. Notes on bamboo culture, with special reference to southern China. The Hong Kong Naturalist. 9 (1 & 2): 1-19

7.04

(1)"The seed of bamboos, as of other grasses, is usually a dry, one-seeded fruit called a caryopsis, which may be compared with a grain of wheat or oats in size and appearance."

(1)McClure, F.A. 1938. Notes on bamboo culture, with special reference to southern China. The Hong Kong Naturalist. 9 (1 & 2): 1-19

7.05

Unknown. Insufficient information

7.06

Unlikely as Bambusa rarely fruits. In addition the seed is a dry, one-seeded non-fleshy fruit (1)

(1)McClure, F.A. 1938. Notes on bamboo culture, with special reference to southern China. The Hong Kong Naturalist. 9 (1 & 2): 1-19

7.07

No hooks or external means of attachment, plus species within Bambusa rarely fruit. (1) "The seed of bamboos, as of other grasses, is usually a dry, one-seeded fruit called a caryopsis, which may be compared with a grain of wheat or oats in size and appearance. Sometimes, however, as in the genus Dendrocalamus, the fruit is larger and nut-like, while in Melocanna, it is the size and shape of a large pear, and has a fleshy pericarp, or layer, outside the seed."

(1)McClure, F.A. 1938. Notes on bamboo culture, with special reference to southern China. The Hong Kong Naturalist. 9 (1 & 2): 1-19

7.08

Unknown. Insufficient information

8.01

Rarely fruits. In regards to the genus Bambusa (1)"These plants fruit so rarely in this region (southern China), however, that it is not deemed worth while to devote much attention here to the matter of propagation by seed. Furthermore, the seeds are relatively short-lived and, as a rule the germination rate of most kinds drops rapidly when the seeds are stored under ordinary conditions."

(1)McClure, F.A. 1938. Notes on bamboo culture, with special reference to southern China. The Hong Kong Naturalist. 9 (1 & 2): 1-19

8.02

Rarely fruits. In regards to the genus Bambusa (1)"These plants fruit so rarely in this region (southern China), however, that it is not deemed worth while to devote much attention here to the matter of propagation by seed. Furthermore, the seeds are relatively short-lived and, as a rule the germination rate of most kinds drops rapidly when the seeds are stored under ordinary conditions." (2)"Seed Collecting: Allow seedheads to dry on plants; remove and collect seeds Seed does not store well; sow as soon as possible"

(1)McClure, F.A. 1938. Notes on bamboo culture, with special reference to southern China. The Hong Kong Naturalist. 9 (1 & 2): 1-19 (2)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/

8.03

Unknown. Insufficient information

8.04

Unknown. Insufficient information

8.05

Unknown. Insufficient information