Balaka longirostris Becc. Family - Arecaceae. Common Names(s) - Mbalaka. Synonym(s) - Balaka leprosa A.C. Sm.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Endemic to Fiji and thus far known only from Viti Levu, where it occurs in various types of forest at elevations from near sea level to about 1,000 m.

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

2.02

(1)Endemic to Fiji and thus far known only from Viti Levu, where it occurs in various types of forest at elevations from near sea level to about 1,000 m.

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

2.03

(1)All species are tender to cold and adaptable only to zones 10b and 11. (2)Hardiness: USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms.Timber Press. Portland, OR. (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/66263/ [Accessed 07 Nov 2008]

2.04

(1)Endemic to Fiji and thus far known only from Viti Levu, where it occurs in various types of forest at elevations from near sea level to about 1,000 m.

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

2.05

No evidence of widespread propagation outside of botanical gardens or as potted plants (1)These palms are good candidates for growing in containers or indoors with ample moisture.

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms.Timber Press. Portland, OR.

3.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Accessed 17 Nov 2008]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Accessed 17 Nov 2008]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Accessed 17 Nov 2008]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Accessed 17 Nov 2008]

3.05

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [Accessed 17 Nov 2008]

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

4.02

(1)No evidence

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1)No evidence of toxicity in species or genus (2)No evidence from cultivation

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA. (2)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms.Timber Press. Portland, OR.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)Edible seeds [no mention of allergies or toxicity in this species or entire genus]

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

4.08

(1)Unlikely, considering solitary habit and growth in moist, tropical conditions

(1)http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Balaka/longirostris.html [Accessed 17 Nov 2008]

4.09

(1)Cultivation: Warm sheltered and moist. Tropical requirements. [images from website show palm growing in shaded understory] (2)"all are found in the undergrowth of the rainforest"

(1)http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Balaka/longirostris.html [Accessed 17 Nov 2008] (2)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms.Timber Press. Portland, OR.

4.10

(1)They need partial shade when young, protection from strong winds, and a rich, moist but very fast-draining soil.

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms.Timber Press. Portland, OR.

4.11

(1)Trunks to 7 m high and 5 cm in diameter

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

4.12

No evidence (1)Description: A medium sized, solitary palm with a tall thin trunk and caryotoid leaves.

(1)http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Balaka/longirostris.html [Accessed 17 Nov 2008]

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Arecaceae

5.03

Arecaceae

5.04

(1)Solitary, erect, pleonanthic, monoecious palms

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

6.02

(1)Propagation Methods: From seed

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/66263/ [Accessed 07 Nov 2008]

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1)Solitary, erect, pleonanthic, monoecious palms

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

6.05

(1)palms predominantly entomophilous

(1)Zomlefer, W.B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC.

6.06

No evidence (1)Propagation Methods: From seed

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/66263/ [Accessed 07 Nov 2008]

6.07

Unknown

7.01

(1)"fruit fusiform-ellipsoid, orange-red, (2.5-) 3.2-3.8 cm long, 1.1-1.6 cm in diameter [no means of external attachment]

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

7.02

(1)Ornamental

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms.Timber Press. Portland, OR.

7.03

No evidence (1)"fruit fusiform-ellipsoid, orange-red, (2.5-) 3.2-3.8 cm long, 1.1-1.6 cm in diameter [fruit fairly large & unlikely to become produce contaminant]

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

7.04

(1)"fruit fusiform-ellipsoid, orange-red, (2.5-) 3.2-3.8 cm long, 1.1-1.6 cm in diameter [fleshy-fruited]

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

7.05

Unknown if fruits or seeds are buoyant

7.06

(1)"fruit fusiform-ellipsoid, orange-red, (2.5-) 3.2-3.8 cm long, 1.1-1.6 cm in diameter [fleshy-fruited]

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

7.07

(1)"fruit fusiform-ellipsoid, orange-red, (2.5-) 3.2-3.8 cm long, 1.1-1.6 cm in diameter [no means of external attachment]

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

7.08

(1)"fruit fusiform-ellipsoid, orange-red, (2.5-) 3.2-3.8 cm long, 1.1-1.6 cm in diameter [fleshy-fruited]

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

8.01

(1)No evidence, and relatively medium sized tree with fairly large fruits

(1)Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, USA.

8.02

Unknown [no information on seed bank or seed storage]

8.03

Unknown [not known to be naturalized anywhere and therefore no information on control]

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown