Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Artocarpus odoratissimus (A. tarap, A. mutabilis); marang

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-3

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.94 "Although the marang was described from and is better known in the Philippines, its distribution there is limited and it was probably introduced from Borneo. In the Philippines the species occurs only cultivated, but in Borneo it is also common in wild state."

2.02

2.03

(1)Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp. (2)http://www.bananajoekauai.com/sekiya.html (3)http://www.ecoport.org/

(1)p.95 "In Sarawak, A. ordoatissimus is common in secondary forestup to 1000m altitude on sandy clay soils." (2)Trees prefer warm, humid tropical climates. (3)Endemic to Borneo with concentration of variety found in Brunei. Lowland forests.

2.04

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.94 "Although the marang was described from and is better known in the Philippines, its distribution there is limited and it was probablyintroduced from Borneo. In the Philippines the species occurs only cultivated, but in Borneo it is also common in wild state."

2.05

(1) Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp. (2) http://www.pctgardens.com/fruit.html

(1) "In 1987 Philippines, had 1700ha under cultivation."; "In northern Queensland, Australia, the fruit is harvested…" (2) Grown and sold in Hawaii

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp. p.94

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

don't known

4.05

no evidence

4.06

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp. p.94

no serious pest and diseases have been observed, apart from maggots of the oriental fruit fly found in the fruits.

4.07

no evidence

4.08

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp. p.94

"In Philippines it grows best in regions with abundant and equally distributed rainfall." 'an evergreen tree'

4.09

A decade of canopy-tree seedling survival and growth in two Bornean rain forests: persistence and recovery from suppression.
AU: Delissio, L. J.; Primack, R. B.; Hall, P.; Lee, H. S.
AA: Department of Biology, Salem State College, 352 Lafayette Street, Salem, MA 01970, USA.
SO: Journal of Tropical Ecology, 2002, Vol.18, No.5, pp.645-658, many ref.

AB: "shade-tolerant tree seedlings of 13 tree species (Allantospermum borneense, Dipterocarpus globosus, Elateriospermum tapos, Mangifera parviflora [?M. parvifolia ], M. pentandra, Shorea beccariana, Whiteodendron moultonianum, Artocarpus odoratissimus, Cotylelobium melanoxylon, Dryobalanops beccarii, Gonocaryum minus, Pimelodendron griffithianum and Swintonia floribunda )"

4.1

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp. p.94

p.95 "In Sarawak, A. ordoatissimus is common in secondary forestup to 1000m altitude on sandy clay soils."; "In Philippines it grows best in regions with aboundant and equally distributed rainfall."

4.11

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp. p.94

"evergreen tree up to 25 m high, 40 cm diameter"

4.12

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp. p.94

"evergreen tree up to 25 m high, 40 cm diameter" [unlikely, very large tree]

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Moraceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.94 "In the Philippines the species occurs only cultivated, but in Borneo it is also common in wild state."

6.02

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.95 "Marang is propagated from seed."

6.03

no evidence

6.04

don't known

6.05

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.82 Artocarpus species are wind or insect pollinated.

6.06

only known to propagate by seeds

6.07

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.95 "Tree become reproductive at an age of 4-6 years"

7.01

[discared seeds from eaten fruits]

7.02

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

"In 1987 Philippines, had 1700ha under cultivation."; "In northern Queensland, Australia, the fruit is harvested…"

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Primack, R. B. (1985) Comparative studies of fruits in wild and cultivated trees of chempedak (Artocarpus integer ) and terap (Artocarpus odoratissimus ) in Sarawak, East Malaysia with additional information on the reproductive biology of the Moraceae in Southeast Asia. Malayan Nature Journal, 1985, Vol.39, No.1, pp.1-39, 26 ref.

the cultivated fruits of terap are 3-6 times as heavy as the wild fruits and weigh up to 2.5 kg

7.05

no evidence

7.06

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

"sweet, juicy, aromatic perianths surrounding the seed." [most Artocarpus are bat dispersed or other large mammals]

7.07

no evidence

7.08

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

"sweet, juicy, aromatic perianths surrounding the seed."

8.01

(1) Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp. p.94
(2) Primack, R. B. (1985) Comparative studies of fruits in wild and cultivated trees of chempedak (Artocarpus integer ) and terap (Artocarpus odoratissimus ) in Sarawak, East Malaysia with additional information on the reproductive biology of the Moraceae in Southeast Asia. Malayan Nature Journal, 1985, Vol.39, No.1, pp.1-39, 26 ref.

(1) p.94 "mean number of seeds per fruit varied from 50-147. "; p.95 "Mean yield in the Philippines amounted to 4.6 t/ha" (2) the cultivated fruits of terap are 3-6 times as heavy as the wild fruits and weigh up to 2.5 kg [4600kg/ha= 0.45 kg/ m2 which is less than or equal to a fruit]

8.02

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.95 "Seeds germinate in about 4 weeks"; "Seeds are extracted from ripe fruit, throughlycleaned with water and sown immediately in nurseries on sandy loam soil, since they do not retain their viability very long."

8.03

not known to be controlled

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence