Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Artocarpus heterophyllus (A. philippensis, A. brasiliensis, A. maxima); jackfruit

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p. 86 "It was introduced and and became naturalized in many parts of the tropics, particularly in the South-East Asia region."

1.03

no evidence

2.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"It is native to the rain forests of the Western Ghats of India; it is now widely cultivated throughout the tropical lowlands (<1000 m)"

2.02

2.03

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"Although A. heterophyllus prefers a warm, humid climate, it is more tolerant of cooler and drier conditions than other species within the genus; mature trees have been known to tolerate mild drought and temperatures down to -3 degree CNatural latitude range"
Climate descriptors
- Altitude range: 0 - 1600 m
- Mean annual rainfall: 900 - 4000 mm
- Rainfall regime: bimodal; uniform
- Dry season duration: 2 - 4 months
- Mean annual temperature: 24 - 28C
- Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 32 - 35C
- Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 16 - 20C
- Absolute minimum temperature: -3 - 0C
Approximate limits north to south: 30N to 40S
List of countries with natural populations
Asia: Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar
List of countries where planted
Asia: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam
Caribbean: Caribbean (as a whole)
Central America: Central America (as a whole)
South America: South America (as a whole)

2.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"It is native to the rain forests of the Western Ghats of India; it is now widely cultivated throughout the tropical lowlands (<1000 m)"

2.05

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

" It is an important fruit crop in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines and many other tropical regions, including Africa and America "

3.01

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p. 86 "It was introduced and and became naturalized in many parts of the tropics, particularly in the South-East Asia region."

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.87 no description of these traits

4.02

Jacob John, and A. M. Nair. 1999. Preliminary investigations on the allelopathic influence of leaf litter of certain multipurpose trees. Indian Journal of Forestry 22:66-69.

AB: "Preliminary laboratory experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic influence of the leaf litter of 7 multipurpose tree species (Acacia auriculiformis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Mangifera indica and Tamarindus indicus) commonly grown in home gardens in Kerala (India) on 2 test crops (rice and cowpeas). Leaf litter of all the species significantly inhibited germination and growth of rice. Radicle growth of cowpeas was also suppressed by all the tree species, while cowpea germination was not inhibited by Artocarpus and Mangifera. " [lab only]

4.03

no evidence

4.04

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.86 "young leaves are readily eaten by cattle and other livestocks"

4.05

no evidence

4.06

Butani, D. K. 1978. Pests and diseases of jackfruit in India and their control. Fruits 33:351-357.

Rhizopus artocarpi also infect A. integer and Annona muricata causing fruit rot. [primarily infects jackfruit]

4.07

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jackfruit_ars.html

no evidence 'Toxicity: Even in India there is some resistance to the jackfruit, attributed to the belief that overindulgence in it causes digestive ailments. Burkill declares that it is the raw, unripe fruit that is astringent and indigestible. The ripe fruit is somewhat laxative; if eaten in excess it will cause diarrhea. Raw jackfruit seeds are indigestible due to the presence of a powerful trypsin inhibitor. This element is destroyed by boiling or baking.' 

4.08

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.89 "found mainly in evergreen forest"; "the annual rainfall should be 1500mm or more and the dry season not too prominent"

4.09

(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2) Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

(1) "The species is adapted to both open and shaded conditions."
(2) p.89 "The seedlings are bestraised under shade (50-70% of full sunlight)"

4.1

(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2) Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp. (3)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG370

(1) "A disadvantage of the species is that it cannot tolerate poor drainage or drought."
Descriptors
- Soil texture: light; medium; heavy
- Soil drainage: free
- Soil reaction: acid
- Special soil tolerances: shallow; infertile
(2) p.89 "The tree can grow on different types of soil but perform best on deep, well drained,alluvial, sandy or clay loam soils with pH 6.0-7.5." (3)Trees tolerate sand, sandy loams and the rocky, well-drained, high pH, calcareous soils of southern Florida.

4.11

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"A. heterophyllus is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree that reaches heights of up to 20 m"

4.12

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"A. heterophyllus is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree that reaches heights of up to 20 m (and rarely 30 m) and diameters of 80-200 cm. It has a straight, cylindrical, low-branched trunk and a dense, irregular, spreading crown."

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Moraceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"A. heterophyllus is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree that reaches heights of up to 20 m"

6.01

Ganesan, R.; Davidar, P. (2003) Effect of logging on the structure and regeneration of important fruit bearing trees in a wet evergreen forest, southern Western Ghats, India. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 2003, Vol.15, No.1, pp.12-25, 40 ref. (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jackfruit_ars.html

AB: "The effect of selective and clearcut logging on stem density and regeneration of six important resource trees in a wet evergreen forest at the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, southern Western Ghats (Kerala, India), namely, Cullenia exarillata, Aglaia bourdillonii, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Myristica dactyloides, Gomphandra coriacea and Palaquium ellipticum , were studied. Forests logged 24 years ago were compared with an unlogged forest."; " Adult stem density was significantly lower in both selectively logged and clearcut logged sites for all species except Artocarpus heterophyllus ." [regenerate well even in clear cutted area] (2)In India, a good yield is 150 large fruits per tree annually, though some trees bear as many as 250 and a fully mature tree may produce 500, these probably of medium or small size.

6.02

Maiti, C. S.; Wangchu, L.; Sen, S. K. (2003) Effect of pre-sowing seed treatments with different chemicals on seed germination and seedling growth of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.). Environment and Ecology, 2003, Vol.21, No.2, pp.290-292, 2 ref.

AB: "The highest germination percentage (98.0%) and coefficient of germination velocity (28.00) were obtained with seed soaking in gibberellic acid. The lowest number of days required for maximum germination (10.66 days), and the highest germination value (24.38) and stem diameter (2.36 cm) were obtained with soaking of seeds in water. "

6.03

Wasielewski, J.; Campbell, R. J. (1999) Jackfruit breeding at Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, FL, USA. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 1999, No.112, pp.218-219, 7 ref.

"(Black Gold, Cheena (a natural hybrid between jackfruit and A. integer )"

6.04

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.88 "protandrus and cross-pollinated"

6.05

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.88 "At anthesis the male heads are dusted with sticky yellow pollen and emit a sweet scent which attracts small insects such as flies and beetles. These may be pollinating agents, but few insects visit the female heads and in India pollination has been reported to be effected by wind"

6.06

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.89 "propagation is normally by seeds, since vegetative propagation (artificially) is difficult."

6.07

(1)Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp. (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG370

(1)p. 88 "Tree raised from seed start flowering at the age of 2-8 years." (2)The time from flowering to fruit maturity ranges from 150 to 180 days. [3 years minimum for mature fruit] Jackfruit from seed may be more precocious than many other fruit, and trees may begin production in the 3rd to 4th year

7.01

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jackfruit_ars.html

flesh of the fruit is eaten, seeds are discarded

7.02

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

" It is an important fruit crop in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines and many other tropical regions, including Africa and America "

7.03

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jackfruit_ars.html

large fruit and seeds 'The seed is 3/4 to 1 1/2 in (2-4 cm) long and 1/2 to 3/4 in (1.25-2 cm) thick and is white and crisp within.'

7.04

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jackfruit_ars.html

large fruit and seeds 'The seed is 3/4 to 1 1/2 in (2-4 cm) long and 1/2 to 3/4 in (1.25-2 cm) thick and is white and crisp within.'

7.05

no evidence

7.06

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

fleshy, jucy puld surround the seed. "Fruit is often protected by bagging or weaving a coat around it using palm leaflets. This deters rodents anf fruit bats" [eaten by bats -- seeds are very large, probably not bird-disperesed-- the fruit is too fibrous to be pried open by birds(?)]

7.07

no evidence

7.08

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

fleshy, jucy puld surround the seed [bat or tiger dispersed, perhaps other large mammals as well]

8.01

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

"a well developed fruit can contain up to 500 seeds"; "the usual density is 100-120 trees/ha"; "the potentail yield estated as (20)100-200(500) fruit/tree per year." [500 seedsfruit x150 fruits x 110 trees / 10000 m2 = 835 seeds/m2 ] probably a overestimate becuse most fruit don't have as much seeds

8.02

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

"The seed is sown fresh; if short term storage is necessary, the seed should not be alowed to dry out"; "germination begin within 10 days and 80-100% germination is achieved within 35-40 days."

8.03

no evidence of being controlled

8.04

(1)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jackfruit_ars.html (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG370

(1)After harvesting, the fruiting twigs may be cut back to the trunk or branch to induce flowering the next season. In the Cachar district of Assam, production of female flowers is said to be stimulated by slashing the tree with a hatchet, the shoots emerging from the wounds; and branches are lopped every 3 to 4 years to maintain fruitfulness. On the other hand, studies at the University of Kalyani, West Bengal, showed that neither scoring nor pruning of shoots increases fruit set and that ringing enhances fruit set only the first year, production declining in the second year.' (2)Do not allow lawn mowers to hit the tree trunk and do not use a weed-eater near the tree trunk as this will damage the bark and weaken or kill the tree. 

8.05

no evidence