Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Artabotrys hexapetalus (climbing ylang-ylang)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Thomas H. Everett 1980 Vol.1A-Be. Garland publishing, Inc., New York. ISBN 0-8240-6308-0. P.254

native from China to India and Philippine Islands, Cultivated in Southern Florida, Hawaii

2.02

2.03

tropical

2.04

no evidence

2.05

http://www.rarefloweringtrees.com/plants/trees.html

Sold horticulturally, Florida, Hawai‘i, and widely distributed through seed catalogs

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence suggested that this species is a weed

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence suggested that any species of Artabotrys is a weed

4.01

Posluszny, U & JB Fisher 2000. Thorn and hook ontogeny in Artabotrys hexapetalus (Annonaceae). American journal of botany. Nov 2000. v. 87 (11) p. 1561-1570

4.02

no evidence

4.03

The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Thomas H. Everett 1980 Vol.1A-Be. Garland publishing, Inc., New York. ISBN 0-8240-6308-0. P.254

no evidence

4.04

4.05

(1) Saxena, V.; Chand, G. K.; Mathur, R.; Prakash, A. O. 1983. Toxicological studies on the fresh green leaves of Artabotrys odoratissimus Linn.Comparative Physiology and Ecology, 1983, Vol.8, No.4, pp.291-296, abstract, (2) Varshney, M. D.; Sharma, B. B.; Gupta, D. N. 1986. Antifertility screening of plants. Part II. Effect of ten indigenous plants on early and late pregnancy in albino rats. Comparative Physiology and Ecology, 1986, Vol.11, No.4, pp.183-189, abstract

THIS IS GOOD INFORMATION TO LIST HERE, BUT IS THERE ANY EVIDENCE THAT ANIMALS HAVE BEEN POISONED IN NATURE? IF NOT, SHOULD ANSWER NO. (1) Fresh leaves, known to have antifertility activity, were extracted with ethanol and benzene. The extracts' toxicological effects on rats were investigated. (2) Ethanolic (90%) extracts of Artabotrys hexapetalus leaves and Embelia ribes fruits, when administered orally at 250 mg/kg during early pregnancy, showed 66% anti-implantation activity.

4.06

(1) Chen ,C.C. & Y.J. Dong 2000. Attraction of the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), to leaf extracts of five plants. Chinese Journal of Entomology, 2000, Vol.20, No.1, pp.37-44, abstract ; (2) Potdukhe, S. R.; Raut, J. G. 1991. Variations in isolates of two species of Colletotrichum. PKV(Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth, India) Research Journal, 1991, Vol.15, No.2, pp.162-163, abstract. (3) Shreemali, P. G. 1973. A new disease of Artabotrys hexapetalous. Indian Phytopathology, 1973, Vol.26, No.3, pp.605-607

(1) Ethyl ether extracts of Annona montana, Artabotrys uncinatus [Artabotrys hexapetalus ], Cassia fistula, Garcinia dulcis , and Terminalia catappa attracted the Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis ) with more females than males captured in all tests. These extracts also stimulated flies to lay eggs in yellow plastic balls. (2) 2 Colleotrichum species. (3)Coniella diplodiella

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

(1)Tropical Oramantals. Arthur Whisstler 2000. Timber Press, Inc., Portland. ISBN 0-88192-448-2. p.68 (2)Dwivedi-U; Sharma-M; Bhardwaj-R1995. Down regulation of photosynthesis in Artabotrys hexapetalus by high light. Photosynthesis-Research. 1995; 46 (3) 393-397, abstract

(1)"Moist soil in partial shade is prefered" (2)Using variable to maximum fluorescence (F-v/F-m) as the criterion, the down regulation of photosynthesis by high light stress was characterized in the detached leaves of Artabotrys hexapetatus.

4.1

The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Thomas H. Everett 1980 Vol.1A-Be. Garland publishing, Inc., New York. ISBN 0-8240-6308-0. P.254

"It grows without difficulty in a variety of soils"

4.11

The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Thomas H. Everett 1980 Vol.1A-Be. Garland publishing, Inc., New York. ISBN 0-8240-6308-0. P.254

climbing evergreen shrubs

4.12

no evidence

5.01

The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Thomas H. Everett 1980 Vol.1A-Be. Garland publishing, Inc., New York. ISBN 0-8240-6308-0. P.254

climbing evergreen shrubs

5.02

The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Thomas H. Everett 1980 Vol.1A-Be. Garland publishing, Inc., New York. ISBN 0-8240-6308-0. P.254

5.03

The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Thomas H. Everett 1980 Vol.1A-Be. Garland publishing, Inc., New York. ISBN 0-8240-6308-0. P.254

5.04

The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Thomas H. Everett 1980 Vol.1A-Be. Garland publishing, Inc., New York. ISBN 0-8240-6308-0. P.254

6.01

no evidence

6.02

The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Thomas H. Everett 1980 Vol.1A-Be. Garland publishing, Inc., New York. ISBN 0-8240-6308-0. P.254

propagated by seeds

6.03

6.04

6.05

no evidence

6.06

no evidence

6.07

Dr R. Criley, Dept. of Horticulture, University of Hawaii Manoa

7.01

7.02

The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Thomas H. Everett 1980 Vol.1A-Be. Garland publishing, Inc., New York. ISBN 0-8240-6308-0. P.254

cultivated for perfume

7.03

7.04

too large

7.05

The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Thomas H. Everett 1980 Vol.1A-Be. Garland publishing, Inc., New York. ISBN 0-8240-6308-0. P.254

7.06

The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Thomas H. Everett 1980 Vol.1A-Be. Garland publishing, Inc., New York. ISBN 0-8240-6308-0. P.254

"produce fragrant, yellow, fleshy fruits"; possibly dispersed by fruit eating bats?

7.07

The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Thomas H. Everett 1980 Vol.1A-Be. Garland publishing, Inc., New York. ISBN 0-8240-6308-0. P.255

"produce fragrant, yellow, fleshy fruits"; possibly dispersed by fruit eating bats?

7.08

The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Thomas H. Everett 1980 Vol.1A-Be. Garland publishing, Inc., New York. ISBN 0-8240-6308-0. P.256

NOT external -- "produce fragrant, yellow, fleshy fruits"; possibly dispersed by fruit eating bats?

8.01

KHC personal observation, large-seeded

8.02

Svoma-Erika 1997.Seed development and function in Artabotrys hexapetalus (Annonaceae).Plant-Systematics-and-Evolution.1997; 207 (3-4) 205-223..

The seed of Artabotrys hexapetalus, however, is meso- and endotestal. An outer mechanical layer which surrounds the seed as a lignified fibrous tissue is derived from the mesotesta. A complex inner mechanical layer develops from a partially multi-layered endotesta built up by crystal-containing stone cells.

8.03

8.04

no evidence

8.05