Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Araucaria columnaris (A. cookii); Cooke pine

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-5

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

List of countries with natural populations
Oceania: New Caledonia; Vanuatu

2.02

2.03

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/A/arau_het.cfm

(1)List of countries with natural populations
Oceania: New Caledonia; Vanuatu (2)USDA hardiness zone 10-11

2.04

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

List of countries with natural populations
Oceania: New Caledonia,Vanuatu

2.05

(1) Gowers, S. (1976) Some common trees of the New Hebrides and their vernacular names. Some common trees of the New Hebrides and their vernacular names., 1976, 189 pp., 14 ref.
(2) Nelson, R. E.; Schubert, T. H. (1976) Adaptability of selected tree species planted in Hawaii forests. USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1976, No.PSW-14, 22 pp., 55 ref.
(3) Finger, C. A. G.; Fajardo, A. G. (1995) Diameter growth of Araucaria columnaris in Santa Maria - Rio Grande do Sul.
[ FT: Crescimento diamétrico da Araucaria columnaris Forster & Hooker em Santa Maria - RS.] Ciência Florestal, 1995, Vol.5, No.1, pp.155-170, 7 ref.
(4) Mahmood, A.; Athar, M. (1997) Xylotomic investigations of coniferous woods from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 1997, Vol.29, No.1, pp.43-73, 21 ref.

(1) New Hebrides (2) Hawaii (3) Brazil (4) Pakistan

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Earle C.J. (2001) Araucaria columnaris (Forst.) Hooker. available at <http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/columnaris.htm>
This page is from the Gymnosperm Database
URL: http://www.conifers.org/ar/ar/columnaris.htm

""A narrowly conical tree to 60 m. tall. Trunk clear, then later with numerous short shoots. Bark gray, papery, exfoliating in thin strips. Branchlets cord-like, growing in one plane, 9-10 mm. In diameter. Juvenile leaves needle-like, imbricate, lanceolate, 4-7 mm. long by 2-3 mm. wide, apex incurved. Adult leaves scale-like imbricate, triangular, acuminate, obtuse, midrib faint, 5-7 mm. long by 3-5 mm. wide, apex incurved. "

4.02

no evidence

4.03

free-living tree

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

possibly, if build up of litter and dense standes, but no evidence

4.09

Christopher J. Earle (2001) Gymnosperms of New Caledonia. This page is from the Gymnosperm Database URL: http://www.conifers.org/topics/nctrees.htm  available at <http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/topics/nctrees.htm>

"The dominant vegetation is evergreen sclerophyll, sometimes with a dense sedge (Carex spp.) substratum, and often with an overstory of Agathis ovata or Araucaria spp. The forest trees are highly shade-intolerant, so the forest is at best very open, and usually has the character of a woodland. "

4.1

Sharga, A. N. (1986) Christmas tree: a fascinating house-plant. Indian Horticulture, 1986, Vol.31, No.3, p.15, 28

"it grows well in any good garden soil, but prefers to grow in a well-drained, deep loamy soil "

4.11

Christopher J. Earle (2001) Araucaria columnaris (Forst.) Hooker. available at <http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/columnaris.htm>
This page is from the Gymnosperm Database
URL: http://www.conifers.org/ar/ar/columnaris.htm

"A narrowly conical tree to 60 m. tall. Trunk clear, then later with numerous short shoots. Bark gray, papery, exfoliating in thin strips. Branchlets cord-like, growing in one plane, 9-10 mm. In diameter. Juvenile leaves needle-like, imbricate, lanceolate, 4-7 mm. long by 2-3 mm. wide, apex incurved. Adult leaves scale-like imbricate, triangular, acuminate, obtuse, midrib faint, 5-7 mm. long by 3-5 mm. wide, apex incurved. Male cone oblong-cylindrical, 5-10 cm. long by 15-22 mm. wide; scales triangular, finely teethed, pollen sacs 10; microsporophylls cuspidate. Female cone 10-15 cm. long by 7-11 cm. wide, with short bracts to 7 mm. long. Seeds 3-3.5 cm. long, nut ovate, wings broadly rounded. Germination epigeal" (1). "

4.12

Christopher J. Earle (2001) Araucaria columnaris (Forst.) Hooker. available at <http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/columnaris.htm>
This page is from the Gymnosperm Database
URL: http://www.conifers.org/ar/ar/columnaris.htm

"A narrowly conical tree to 60 m. tall."

5.01

Christopher J. Earle (2001) Araucaria columnaris (Forst.) Hooker. available at <http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/columnaris.htm>
This page is from the Gymnosperm Database
URL: http://www.conifers.org/ar/ar/columnaris.htm

"A narrowly conical tree to 60 m. tall."

5.02

Christopher J. Earle (2001) Araucaria columnaris (Forst.) Hooker. available at <http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/columnaris.htm>
This page is from the Gymnosperm Database
URL: http://www.conifers.org/ar/ar/columnaris.htm

"A narrowly conical tree to 60 m. tall."

5.03

no evidence

5.04

Christopher J. Earle (2001) Araucaria columnaris (Forst.) Hooker. available at <http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/columnaris.htm>
This page is from the Gymnosperm Database
URL: http://www.conifers.org/ar/ar/columnaris.htm

"A narrowly conical tree to 60 m. tall."

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Scowcroft, P. G. (1988) Germinability of Cook pine (Araucaria columnaris ) seeds under different storage conditions. Tree Planters' Notes, 1988, Vol.39, No.3, pp.17-25, 24 ref.

AB: Up to 25 t of A. columnaris seed may be exported from Hawaii in good seed years, but excess seed cannot be stored for use in poor seed years because viability is lost rapidly. The effects of storage temp. (-7 to 24 deg C), seed m.c. (6-68%), nitrogen enrichment of the storage containers and storage period (0-24 months) on seed germination were studied on seeds collected in 1972 and 1973. Results showed that seeds should be stored at near-freezing temp. and m.c. of 15-25%. Filling containers with nitrogen gas did not prolong the storage life of seeds.

6.03

no evidence

6.04

1)http://landru.i-link-2.net/burntridge/nuts.html 2)Little et al. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands

1)Probably not: Araucaria bidwillii and Araucaria araucana require cross-pollination 2)A. heterophylla is dioecous

6.05

wind pollinated

6.06

no evidence

6.07

R. Criley, UH Department of Horticulture, personal communication

7.01

large seed/scale

7.02

Sharga, A. N. (1986) Christmas tree: a fascinating house-plant. Indian Horticulture, 1986, Vol.31, No.3, p.15, 28

cultivated as oramental or for forestry

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Christopher J. Earle (2001) Araucaria columnaris (Forst.) Hooker. available at <http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/columnaris.htm>
This page is from the Gymnosperm Database
URL: http://www.conifers.org/ar/ar/columnaris.htm

seed fall off with flat scale

7.05

no evidence

7.06

Bordignon, M.; Monteiro-Filho, E. L. A. The squirrel Sciurus ingrami (Sciuridae: Rodentia) as a disperser of Araucaria angustifolia seeds (Araucariaceae: Pinophyta). O serelepe Sciurus ingrami (Sciuridae: Rodentia) como dispersor do Pinheiro do Paraná Araucaria angustifolia (Araucariaceae: Pinophyta).
Arquivos de Ciências Veterinárias e Zoologia da UNIPAR, 2000, Vol.3, No.2, pp.139-144

no evidence. S. American species dispersed by squirrels so caching by birds is possible

7.07

no evidence

7.08

if anything, they are cached. Short-lived seeds.

8.01

1)http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph27.htm 2)Little et al. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands

1)Araucaria cones have only one seed per scale 2)In Puerto Rico, mature seeds are rarely formed.

8.02

Scowcroft, P. G. (1988) Germinability of Cook pine (Araucaria columnaris ) seeds under different storage conditions. Tree Planters' Notes, 1988, Vol.39, No.3, pp.17-25, 24 ref.

AB: Up to 25 t of A. columnaris seed may be exported from Hawaii in good seed years, but excess seed cannot be stored for use in poor seed years because viability is lost rapidly. The effects of storage temp. (-7 to 24 deg C), seed m.c. (6-68%), nitrogen enrichment of the storage containers and storage period (0-24 months) on seed germination were studied on seeds collected in 1972 and 1973. Results showed that seeds should be stored at near-freezing temp. and m.c. of 15-25%. Filling containers with nitrogen gas did not prolong the storage life of seeds.

8.03

no evidence

8.04

http://www.floridata.com/ref/A/arau_het.cfm

(based on A. heterophylla)--Tall specimens are often damaged in hurricanes and high winds. Trees will recover - cut them back to the ground to force new undamaged suckers to form

8.05

Nelson, R. E.; Schubert, T. H. (1976) Adaptability of selected tree species planted in Hawaii forests. USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1976, No.PSW-14, 22 pp., 55 ref.

AB: Records kept by the Hawaii Division of Forestry were used to locate trees of 31 exotic species planted in Hawaii between 1908 and 1960. Examination in 1964-68 indicated that the following 9 species were well adapted to conditions in Hawaii: Albizia falcataria, Araucaria columnaris, Eucalyptus deglupta, Fraxinus uhdei, Grevillea robusta, Sequoia sempervirens, Swietenia macrophylla, S. mahagoni, and Toona ciliata australis.