Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service
Information on
Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Arachis pintoi
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -1
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
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Arachis pintoi; perenial peanut |
Answer |
||
|
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
|
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
|
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
|
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
|
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
n |
|
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
|
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
1 |
|
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
n |
|
Total score: |
-1 |
||
Supporting data:
|
Source |
Notes |
|
|
1.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
1.02 |
no evidence |
|
|
1.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
2.01 |
James Leary (1999) Introduction of Sustainable Agriculture
in Hawaii, Perennial Peanut: Arachis pintoi |
"Origin and Geographic Range: Perennial peanut originates from central Brazil (collected from the mouth of the Jequitinhonha River). It has since been distributed to Argentina, Australia, Colombia, the United States, and more recently to South East Asia, Central America and the Pacific (Cook)." |
|
2.02 |
||
|
2.03 |
James Leary (1999) Introduction of Sustainable Agriculture
in Hawaii, Perennial Peanut: Arachis pintoi |
"Perennial peanut is adapted to the tropics (Cook)." |
|
2.04 |
James Leary (1999) Introduction of Sustainable Agriculture
in Hawaii, Perennial Peanut: Arachis pintoi |
"Origin and Geographic Range: Perennial peanut originates from central Brazil (collected from the mouth of the Jequitinhonha River). It has since been distributed to Argentina, Australia, Colombia, the United States, and more recently to South East Asia, Central America and the Pacific (Cook)." |
|
2.05 |
James Leary (1999) Introduction of Sustainable Agriculture
in Hawaii, Perennial Peanut: Arachis pintoi |
"Origin and Geographic Range: Perennial peanut originates from central Brazil (collected from the mouth of the Jequitinhonha River). It has since been distributed to Argentina, Australia, Colombia, the United States, and more recently to South East Asia, Central America and the Pacific (Cook)." |
|
3.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.02 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.04 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.01 |
James Leary (1999) Introduction of Sustainable Agriculture
in Hawaii, Perennial Peanut: Arachis pintoi |
"Perennial or pinto peanut species and cultivars are low growing, about 8 inches (20 cm) high, non-twining, nitrogen-fixing legumes. The plants have four oval leaflets on each petiole and yellow, pea-like flowers. The seed is an underground nut, one per pod, which is not edible. Plants flower year round (Hensley). Stems grow along the ground and root at the nodes (Glover)." |
|
4.02 |
no evdence |
|
|
4.03 |
no evdence |
|
|
4.04 |
Araya, E.; Elizondo, J.; Jiménez, C.; Quan, A. (1997) Fighting weeds in mono-cultures of forage peanut (Arachis pintoi ). [FT: Combate de malezas, en monocultivo de maní forrajero (Arachis pintoi ). ] Agronomia Mesoamericana, 1997, Vol.8, No.2, pp.33-43, 12 ref. |
AB: The efficacy of four herbicide treatments (glyphosate (as Roundup), bentazone (as Basagran) + fluazifop-butyl (as Fusilade), 2,4-DB + fluazifop-butyl, and paraquat + diuron (Gramuron)) was compared with manual weed control and grazing in Arachis pintoi fields in Costa Rica. Effects on the coverage and tolerance of A. pintoi were assessed at 0, 30, 60, and 90 days following treatment. Glyphosate and manual weed control resulted in A. pintoi becoming dominant, while grazing substantially reduced the coverage of A. pintoi . Grazing also resulted in the largest amount of weed dry matter and the highest percentage of weeds in fields. |
|
4.05 |
Nieves, D.; Fariñas, S.; Muñoz, A.; Torrealba, E.; Rodríguez,
N. (1996) Use of Arachis pintoi and Pennisetum purpureum in the feeding of
fattening rabbits. |
AB: The use of fresh green forage (A. pintoi and P. purpureum ) combined with or without a pelleted commercial diet (PCD), in diets for rabbits was examined in a 33-day study. Twenty-four New Zealand White weaning rabbits were assigned to 3 treatments with 4 replicates, PCD ad libitum (T1), PCD ad libitum plus fresh forage ad libitum (T2), or fresh forage ad libitum (T3). Average daily gain was better (P <0.05) with mixed diets (31.4, 28.1 and 11.6 g for T2, T1 and T3, respectively). Feed conversion was higher with T3 (9.6); however, the consumption of PCD was lower in T2 (84.1 vs. 71.0 g daily). Feeding cost decreased 16.6% in T2 with respect to T1. Carcass yield was lower (P <0.05) with fresh forage only (64.5, 63.0 and 59.3% in T1, T2 and T3, respectively). |
|
4.06 |
http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/3488 |
is not a host for common pests and diseases of orchards species, |
|
4.07 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.08 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.09 |
(1) Wong, C. C.; Chin, F. Y.; Mirzaman, S. (2000) Growth
performance of Arachis pintoi under shade of a dense oil palm plantation.
Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Livestock
Research Centre, PO Box 12301, GPO, 50775 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. SO: ?,
2000, pp.207-210, 10 ref. |
(1) AB: "In a study in Johor, Malaysia, rows of Arachis
pintoi were alternated with rows of different grass species under
15-year-old oil palms. The experimental results confirmed the overall poor
performance of shade-tolerant grasses under dense plantation shade. A.
pintoi established slowly in dense shade but gradually increased as a
proportion of the forage on offer. " |
|
4.1 |
Baruch, Z.; Fisher, M. J. (1996) Effect of planting method and soil texture on the growth and development of Arachis pintoi . Tropical Grasslands, 1996, Vol.30, No.4, pp.395-401, 11 ref. |
AB: "The growth and development of A. pintoi cv. Mani Forrajero (CIAT 17434) established from seed (S-plants) and cuttings (C-plants) were studied on a sandy and a clay soil in cylinders in a greenhouse. Yield of above- and below-ground plant parts, leaf area and root length were measured in 10 harvests spread over 99 days. S-plants had higher total, leaf and root yields and lower shoot:root ratios than C-plants. Root growth of S-plants was deeper and faster than that of C-plants, which had shallower and more diffuse roots. Soil texture had only small effects. " |
|
4.11 |
James Leary (1999) Introduction of Sustainable Agriculture
in Hawaii, Perennial Peanut: Arachis pintoi |
"Perennial or pinto peanut species and cultivars are low growing, about 8 inches (20 cm) high, non-twining, nitrogen-fixing legumes. " |
|
4.12 |
Firth, D. (1993) Amarillo peanut - a perennial orchard groundcover. WANATCA Yearbook, 1993, Vol.17, pp.69-73, 5 ref. |
It is perennial and non-climbing with a maximum height of 30 cm |
|
5.01 |
Firth, D. (1993) Amarillo peanut - a perennial orchard groundcover. WANATCA Yearbook, 1993, Vol.17, pp.69-73, 5 ref. |
It is perennial and non-climbing with a maximum height of 30 cm |
|
5.02 |
Firth, D. (1993) Amarillo peanut - a perennial orchard groundcover. WANATCA Yearbook, 1993, Vol.17, pp.69-73, 5 ref. |
perennial herbaceous legume |
|
5.03 |
Pinto, P. P.; Cameiro, J. A.; Vargas, M. A. T.; Purcino, H. A.; Sá, N. M. H. (1999) Indigenous rhizobia associated with Arachis pintoi in Cerrado soils of Brazil. Pasturas Tropicales, 1999, Vol.21, No.2, pp.25-28, 17 ref. |
NOT WOODY AB: Rhizobial strains were isolated from samples of cerrado soils of Brazil which were uncultivated or cultivated with A. pintoi or other legumes. Strains were also isolated from A. pintoi nodules. These and commercial strains were tested for nitrogen-fixing ability on A. pintoi and other legumes. The most promising native strains were MGAP 13, MGAP 12, MGAP 14, CPAC 08 and MGAC 03, while the best commercial strains were CIAT 2139 and CIAT 3101. |
|
5.04 |
James Leary (1999) Introduction of Sustainable Agriculture
in Hawaii, Perennial Peanut: Arachis pintoi |
"Perennial or pinto peanut species and cultivars are low growing, about 8 inches (20 cm) high, non-twining, nitrogen-fixing legumes. Stems grow along the ground and root at the nodes (Glover)." |
|
6.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.02 |
Firth, D. (1993) Amarillo peanut - a perennial orchard groundcover. WANATCA Yearbook, 1993, Vol.17, pp.69-73, 5 ref. |
AB: " propagation from seeds and by cuttings" |
|
6.03 |
(1) Jones, R. M. (2001) Evaluation of legumes and grasses in
coastal south-east Queensland. Tropical Grasslands, 2001, Vol.35, No.2,
pp.85-95, 17 ref. |
not known if natural: (1) AB: "A vegetatively established A.
pintoi x A. repens hybrid spread much more quickly than did A. glabrata ."
|
|
6.04 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.06 |
Asakawa, N. M.; Ramírez R., C. A. (1989) Inoculation and planting methodology for Arachis pintoi. [FT: Metodología para la inoculación y siembra de Arachis pintoi.] Pasturas Tropicales, 1989, Vol.11, No.1, pp.24-26, 5 ref. |
AB: "Harvesting practices are described in relation to obtaining suitable vegetative material (stolons) for inoculation prior to replanting which must take place the same day. Mechanized planting methods are also described. " [propagated by stolons] |
|
6.07 |
Cook, B. G.; Franklin, T. G. (1988) Crop management and seed harvesting of Arachis pintoi Krap. et Greg. nom. nud. Journal of Applied Seed Production, 1988, Vol.6, pp.26-30, 5 ref. |
A seed yield of 730 kg/ha was obtained at the end of the 1st year |
|
7.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.02 |
Firth, D. (1993) Amarillo peanut - a perennial orchard groundcover. WANATCA Yearbook, 1993, Vol.17, pp.69-73, 5 ref. |
AB: Arachis pintoi was introduced into Australia in 1954 for testing as a pasture legume. In 1982 it was included in a trial (at the Tropical Fruit Research Station at Alstonville of legumes) as low-growing groundcovers in orchards and has shown considerable promise. It is perennial and non-climbing with a maximum height of 30 cm. It tolerates shade competition from grass, effectively excludes broadleaved weeds and protects soil against erosion. It shows some drought resistance and although leaves and stolons are killed by frost the plants produce new growth in spring. It tolerates high levels of Al and Mg typical of the acid soils of the Alstonville area, can fix some atmospheric N in soil, is not a hostplant for common pests and diseases of orchard trees, will establish quickly with reasonable soil preparation and management, and regenerates after mowing or grazing. However, in relatively unmanaged swards it may compete with young trees of some orchard species and may attract or harbour vermin such as rat |
|
7.03 |
low hanging pods |
|
|
7.04 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.06 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.07 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.08 |
hard seed coat, might survive |
|
|
8.01 |
(1)Cook, B. G.; Franklin, T. G. (1988) Crop management and
seed harvesting of Arachis pintoi Krap. et Greg. nom. nud. Journal of
Applied Seed Production, 1988, Vol.6, pp.26-30, 5 ref. (2) The State of
Queensland, Department of Primary Industries. ( 2001) Legumes for the
Tropics and Subtropics: Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi) |
(1) A seed yield of 730 kg/ha was obtained at the end of the
1st year in cv. Amarillo in SE Queensland using the recommended management
practices. At the end of the 2nd year a pod yield of 1.8 t was obtained
(compared with 1.0 t in the 1st year) and a proportion of the 1st year crop
was lost through germination at the beginning of the 2nd season. |
|
8.02 |
Jones, R. M. (1993) Persistence of Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo on three soil types at Samford, south-eastern Queensland. Tropical Grasslands, 1993, Vol.27, No.1, pp.11-15, 13 ref. |
AB: A small area of Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo was established in 1984 in each of 3 farm pastures at Samford, SE Queensland. On one soil, the original Amarillo plants persisted poorly (with a half-life of only 4 months), there was little seed set, and the stand died out. This is attributed to poor soil physical, and possibly chemical, conditions. On the other 2 sites the original plants had a half-life of just over 2 years and there was a build up in soil seed reserves over 8 years to 250-450 seeds/m2. In another 10-year-old sowing at Samford, seed reserves had increased to 1000/m2. Good stands of Amarillo had 15-40 m of stolon per m2 with 60-400 roots > 1 mm diameter per m2. Most of these roots were primary taproots that resulted from seedling recruitment. It is concluded that cv. Amarillo has good attributes for persistence in grazed pastures as it has a prostrate growth habit, perennial crowns, sets seed under grazing and is able to root from stolons. |
|
8.03 |
1)James Leary (1999) Introduction of Sustainable Agriculture
in Hawaii, Perennial Peanut: Arachis pintoi |
1) "CAUTION: Researchers in Hawai`i report it very difficult
to eradicate once established " 2)Glyphosate and manual weed control
resulted in A. pintoi becoming dominant 3)Normal herbicide |
|
8.04 |
1)http://www.rlq.dcilgp.qld.gov.au/pastures/4415.html 2)http://www.ifas.ufl.edu/%7eona/or2-02.html |
1)very productive under heavy grazing 2)Since 1994, 22 pintoi entries have been tested under grazing in bahiagrass pasture in nine trials (St. Cloud [1], Keenansville [2], Okeechobee [2], Ona [1], St. Lucie [2], and Indiantown [1])that represent several soils and environments. While a few of the entries were still present after 7 years, none (includingAmarillo) showed much potential as a pasture legume. Although they are competitive with bahiagrass and tolerant of periodicclose grazing, they are not vigorous and do not spread to become an important part of the pasture. |
|
8.05 |
James Leary (1999) Introduction of Sustainable Agriculture
in Hawaii, Perennial Peanut: Arachis pintoi |
"CAUTION: Researchers in Hawai`i report it very difficult to eradicate once established " |
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