Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service
Information on
Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Arachis glabrata
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -1
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
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Arachis glabrata (perennial peanut) |
Answer |
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|
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
|
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
|
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
|
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
|
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
n |
|
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
|
|
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
|
|
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
|
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
|
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
1 |
|
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
y |
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
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Total score: |
-1 |
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Need more info? Have questions? Comments? Information to contribute? Contact PIER!
Supporting data:
|
Source |
Notes |
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|
1.01 |
No evidence |
|
|
1.02 |
No evidence of naturalization |
|
|
1.03 |
No evidence |
|
|
2.01 |
(1)Native to South America (2)It is a warm season/tropical perennial legume native to South America. (3)Native to Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay between 13° S and 28° S. Introduced to Australia, the United States, India, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. |
(1)Venuto-Brad-C {a}; Elkins-William-M; Hintz-Rodney-W;
Reed-Rod-L. Seed production, germination, and vigor in Rhizoma perennial
peanut (Arachis glabrata). 1997. Seed-Science-and-Technology. 25 (3)
471-478. (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_AA148 |
|
2.02 |
Native to Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay between 13° S and 28° S. Introduced to Australia, the United States, India, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. |
http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/Pf000007.HTM |
|
2.03 |
(1)Latitudes 13° S and 28° S. (2)well adapted to warm, humid climates (3)evolved under tropical conditions and is adapted to subtropical and warm temperate climates. In the northern hemisphere this would include locations below 32° latitude which have a long warm growing season. (USDA zone 8B to 11.) |
(1)http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/Pf000007.HTM (2)http://www.aginfo.fvsu.edu/publicat/commoditysheets/fvsu015.htm (3)http://www.imok.ufl.edu/citrus/projects/peanut.htm (4)http://radio.bellaonline.com/articles/art838.asp |
|
2.04 |
Native to South America |
Venuto-Brad-C {a}; Elkins-William-M; Hintz-Rodney-W; Reed-Rod-L. Seed production, germination, and vigor in Rhizoma perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata). 1997. Seed-Science-and-Technology. 25 (3) 471-478. |
|
2.05 |
Native to Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay between 13° S and 28° S. Introduced to Australia, the United States, India, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. |
http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/Pf000007.HTM |
|
3.01 |
No evidence of naturalization |
|
|
3.02 |
No evidence |
|
|
3.03 |
No evidence |
|
|
3.04 |
No evidence |
|
|
3.05 |
[not an economic weed] Arachis hypogaea is a 'common' weed in Taiwan. |
Holm et al. 1997. An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species. CD-ROM database. Version 1. |
|
4.01 |
No evidence |
http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/Pf000007.HTM |
|
4.02 |
No evidence |
|
|
4.03 |
No evidence |
|
|
4.04 |
(1)They can spread underground even under heavy grazing, sending up shoots some distance from the base plant in friable soils, and form dense mats up to 20 cm deep. (2)Perennial peanut is highly palatable to most livestock and when grazed, bloating is not a problem as it is with many legumes. |
(1)http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4499.html (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_AA148 |
|
4.05 |
None recorded. |
http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/Pf000007.HTM |
|
4.06 |
This site lists 11 species of fungi to be associated with A. glabrata. Did not find any to be recognized pests. |
http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm |
|
4.07 |
No evidence |
|
|
4.08 |
low growing evergreen |
|
|
4.09 |
(1)They are shade-tolerant, and can grow with tall grasses and under plantation crops. (2)prefer full sunlight (3)sunny and partially shaded areas |
(1)http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4499.html (2)http://radio.bellaonline.com/articles/art838.asp (3)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AG121 |
|
4.1 |
(1)Grows successfully on well-drained soils ranging from sands to clays. Prefers acid soils, but tolerates neutral to slightly alkaline soils. (2)best in moist, well-drained moderately fertile soils (3)well-adapted to dry, sandy soils |
(1)http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/Pf000007.HTM (2)http://www.rlq.dcilgp.qld.gov.au/pastures/4499.html (3)http://www.haystackfarms.com/peanuts_description.htm |
|
4.11 |
low mat-forming |
http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/Pf000007.HTM |
|
4.12 |
mat-forming |
http://www.aginfo.fvsu.edu/publicat/commoditysheets/fvsu015.htm |
|
5.01 |
||
|
5.02 |
||
|
5.03 |
[not woody] (1)mat-forming perennial legume. (2) 'Perennial peanut is a legume and therefore, requires no applied nitrogen fertilizer due to its association with nitrogen-fixing rhizobium bacteria.' |
(1)http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4499.html (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_AA148 |
|
5.04 |
nuts |
|
|
6.01 |
'… Simpson, Valls and Miles reported that members of this section are poor seeders and most A. glabrata accessions produce few, if any seeds in native or adapted habitats.' [same is true in introduced habitats like Florida] |
Venuto-Brad-C {a}; Elkins-William-M; Hintz-Rodney-W; Reed-Rod-L. Seed production, germination, and vigor in Rhizoma perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata). 1997. Seed-Science-and-Technology. 25 (3) 471-478. |
|
6.02 |
Poor seedling establishment was attributed to low germination (30.6%) as well as failure of germinated seed to emerge. |
Venuto-Brad-C {a}; Elkins-William-M; Hintz-Rodney-W; Reed-Rod-L. Seed production, germination, and vigor in Rhizoma perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata). 1997. Seed-Science-and-Technology. 25 (3) 471-478. |
|
6.03 |
No evidence of natural hybridization. At ICRISAT-Patancheru it was possible to cross both A. duranensis and A. hypogaea with A. glabrata. The success of this cross combined with common traits in their cytology indicate a common ancestor. |
http://www.icrisat.org/text/satrends/02mar/1.htm |
|
6.04 |
No information |
|
|
6.05 |
No evidence (pea morphology) |
|
|
6.06 |
They can spread underground even under heavy grazing, sending up shoots some distance from the base plant in friable soils, and form dense mats up to 20 cm deep. |
http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4499.html |
|
6.07 |
based on similar congener (A. pintoi) |
Cook, B. G.; Franklin, T. G. (1988) Crop management and seed harvesting of Arachis pintoi Krap. et Greg. nom. nud. Journal of Applied Seed Production, 6: 26-30 |
|
7.01 |
No evidence that propagules have any means of attachment. |
|
|
7.02 |
ground cover |
|
|
7.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.04 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.06 |
The flowers grow downwards into the soil and form peanuts. (no evidence of bird dispersal; possibly dug by squirells or other rodents?) |
http://www.tytyga.com/nuts/peanuts/start.htm |
|
7.07 |
The flowers grow downwards into the soil and form peanuts. (no evidence of bird dispersal; possibly dug by squirells or other rodents?) |
http://www.tytyga.com/nuts/peanuts/start.htm |
|
7.08 |
hard seed coat, might survive |
|
|
8.01 |
(1)The perennial species of Arachis, A. glabrata section Rhizomatosae, produce much less seed than the annual species. Seed that is, produced does not germinate well and the resultant seedlings often lack vigor and fail to survive. (2)produces few seed and is established vegetatively |
(1)Venuto-Brad-C {a}; Elkins-William-M; Hintz-Rodney-W; Reed-Rod-L. Seed production, germination, and vigor in Rhizoma perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata). 1997. Seed-Science-and-Technology. 25 (3) 471-478. (2)http://rcrec-ona.ifas.ufl.edu/or2-02.html |
|
8.02 |
based on similar congener (A. pintoi) |
ones, R. M. (1993) Persistence of Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo on three soil types at Samford, south-eastern Queensland. Tropical Grasslands, 1993, Vol.27, No.1, pp.11-15, 13 ref. |
|
8.03 |
Normal herbicide practices under citrus-tree rows controlled all peanuts tested |
http://rcrec-ona.ifas.ufl.edu/or2-02.html |
|
8.04 |
They can spread underground even under heavy grazing, sending up shoots some distance from the base plant in friable soils |
http://www.rlq.dcilgp.qld.gov.au/pastures/4499.html |
|
8.05 |
Don’t know. |
|
Need more info? Have questions? Comments? Information to contribute? Contact PIER!
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This page updated 30 September 2005