Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Aptenia cordifolia (heartleaf iceplant, baby sun rose, dew plant)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

5

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

1) Naturalized in Australia. 2)Disturbed areas in peninsular FL 3)In California, naturalized along disturbed margins of coastal wetlands

1)http://members.iinet.net/~weeds/western_weeds/aizoaceae.htm 2)http://www.ibiblio.org/unc-biology/herbarium/boetsch/aizo.html 3)Hickman. Jepson manual

1.03

No evidence.

2.01

(1)Native to easten coastal deserts of South Africa. (2)Endemic to the Eastern Cape region of South Africa

(1)Horticopia Trees, Shrubs and Groundcovers. CD-ROM database. (2)http://www.mediterraneangardensociety.org/plants/Aptenia.cordifolia.cfm

2.02

2.03

USDA zones 9 and 10, a coastal plant

Plant master 5.5. CD-ROM database.

2.04

Disturbed areas in peninsular FL

http://www.ibiblio.org/unc-biology/herbarium/boetsch/aizo.html

2.05

Widely used as a ground cover in horticulture/landscaping

Plant master 5.5. CD-ROM database.

3.01

1) Naturalized in Australia. 2)Disturbed areas in peninsular FL 3)In California, naturalized along disturbed margins of coastal wetlands

1)http://members.iinet.net/~weeds/western_weeds/aizoaceae.htm 2)http://www.ibiblio.org/unc-biology/herbarium/boetsch/aizo.html 3)Hickman. Jepson manual

3.02

No evidence.

3.03

No evidence.

3.04

According to CALEPPC, "need more information" , problem habitats unknown.

http://www.caleppc.org/info/99moreinfo.html

3.05

No evidence.

4.01

No evidence.

Horticopia Trees, Shrubs and Groundcovers. CD-ROM database.

4.02

No evidence.

4.03

No evidence.

4.04

No information.

4.05

Edible by humans

http://envhort.ucdavis.edu/ce/king/PoisPlant/SAFE-COM.htm

4.06

No evidence.

4.07

Edible by humans

http://envhort.ucdavis.edu/ce/king/PoisPlant/SAFE-COM.htm

4.08

Fire resistant, succulent

Plant master 5.5. CD-ROM database.

4.09

(1)Full sun (2)Part Shade to Full Sun (3)They grow in light shade, but bloom a lot less 4)Light requirements: Full Sun 5) Full sun only

(1)Horticopia Trees, Shrubs and Groundcovers. CD-ROM database. (2)http://www.neoflora.com/cgi-bin/plant_profile.cgi?plant_sid=14706 (3)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Aizoaceae/Aptenia_cordifolia.html 4)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/1044.html 5)http://brevard.ifas.ufl.edu/g__covers_a_to_b.htm#baby sun rose

4.1

(1)Sandy, loam and well drained. (2)Sandy and loam. pH neutral (3)Mostly Sand to Sandy Loam. pH range 6 to 8

(1)Horticopia Trees, Shrubs and Groundcovers. CD-ROM database. (2)Plant master 5.5. CD-ROM database. (3)http://www.neoflora.com/cgi-bin/plant_profile.cgi?plant_sid=14706

4.11

(1)Has spreading and prostrate form (2)May "climb" up to six feet when well-watered "overwhelming neighboring vegetation"

(1)Horticopia Trees, Shrubs and Groundcovers. CD-ROM database. (2)Bossard et al. 2000. Invasive plants of California's wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley

4.12

No evidence.

5.01

5.02

5.03

5.04

Herbaceous, succulent like coastal plant belonging to Aizoaceae.

Horticopia Trees, Shrubs and Groundcovers. CD-ROM database.

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

Propagate by seeds

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Aizoaceae/Aptenia_cordifolia.html

6.03

The aptenia 'Red Apple' is actually an hybrid with the related species Platythyra haeckeliana.

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Aizoaceae/Aptenia.html

6.04

No information.

6.05

1)Probably not as the photograph of flowers do not show any special morphological adaptation for pollination. 2)nectar plant for butterflies; attracts hummingbirds in hanging basket

1)Horticopia Trees, Shrubs and Groundcovers. CD-ROM database. 2)http://brevard.ifas.ufl.edu/g__covers_a_to_b.htm#baby sun rose

6.06

Propagation by seeds and cuttings. [naturally grows in sandy coastal environment where broken fragment could conceivably become partially buried and root, but no direct reference to show that this happens]

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Aizoaceae/Aptenia_cordifolia.html

6.07

No information.

7.01

The propagules do not have any means of attaching themselves.

Horticopia Trees, Shrubs and Groundcovers. CD-ROM database.

7.02

Probably yes since the species has attractive blooms(1) and might be introduced intentionally by people as ornamental plant.

(1)Horticopia Trees, Shrubs and Groundcovers. CD-ROM database.

7.03

Probably not - No direct evidence on seed size.

7.04

7.05

A coastal plant, but no information regarding water dispersal. Also frequently found in riparian areas

Bossard et al. 2000. Invasive plants of California's wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley.

7.06

Fruit a fleshy, 4-valved capsule, Related ice plants are dispersed by deer and rodents, not birds.

http://www.ibiblio.org/unc-biology/herbarium/boetsch/aizo.html

7.07

Probably not, the propagules do not have any means of attachment.

7.08

Probably (fleshy fruit). Related ice plant are dispersed by deer and rodents.

8.01

Probably (tiny seeds)

8.02

No information.

8.03

Glyphosate is effective at 2% concentration

Bossard et al. 2000. Invasive plants of California's wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley.

8.04

the prostrate stem fragments can root if partially buried in cultivated sand.

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Aizoaceae/Aptenia_cordifolia.html

8.05

Don’t know.