Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Anthurium hookeri Kunth (birds nest Anthurium)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-6

Notes

Source

1.01

Two varieties: Anthurium hookeri fo. longecuneata Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 363. 1898. + A. hookeri Kunth Anthurium hookeri var. longecuneatum (Engl.) Engl., Pflanzenr. IV 23B(Heft 21): 71. 1905

http://is1.websearch.com/_1_O2TTY603155ZZ3__websrch.barweb.50019/search/inc/results/web/framed.htm?display-url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aroid.org%2Fgenera%2FAnthurium
%2Fanthspp.html&qkw=ANTHURIUM%20HOOKERI&nextid=ms7:1087521051980&frame=
http%3A%2F%2Fclickit.go2net.com%2Fsearch%3Fpos%3D9%26ppos%3D7%26
plnks%3D7%26uplnks%3D20%26cat%3Dweb%26cid%3D239170%26site%3Dsrch
%26area%3Dsrch.noncomm.inktomi%26shape%3Dtextlink%26cp%3Dwebsrch.barweb.50019%26cluster-click%3D0%26pd%3D0%26coll%3D0%26query%3Danthurium%2Bhookeri%26rawto%3Dhttp%3A%2
F%2Fwww.aroid.org%2Fgenera%2FAnthurium%2Fanthspp.html Anthurium hookeri Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 74. 1841.

1.02

No evidence

1.03

No evidence

2.01

The "bird's nest" epiphyte Anthurium hookeri, endemic in the montane rain forest of Guadeloupe, French West Indies

TI: Adaptive morphology of the tropical wet montane epiphyte Anthurium hookeri
AU: Sheridan,-Richard-P [Author] SO: Selbyana-. 1994; 15(2): 18-23.PY: 1994

2.02

2.03

(1)p.18 "It's distribution also includes Trinad, Isla de Magarita, Guyana, Surinam and mainland Venezuela." [tropical only] (2)Lowland tropical rainforest

(1)Sheridan, Richard P (1994) Adaptive morphology of the tropical wet montane epiphyte Anthurium hookeri. Selbyana 15(2): 18-23. (2)http://scisun.nybg.org:8890/searchdb/owa/wwwcatalog.detail_list?this_id=2185199

2.04

The "bird's nest" epiphyte Anthurium hookeri, endemic in the montane rain forest of Guadeloupe, French West Indies

TI: Adaptive morphology of the tropical wet montane epiphyte Anthurium hookeri
AU: Sheridan,-Richard-P [Author] SO: Selbyana-. 1994; 15(2): 18-23.PY: 1994

2.05

(1) Hawaii, (2) Florida, (3) Japan

(1) Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii.new and revised edition. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.135
(2) http://www.fnga.org/locator/searchPlants.asp?action=search&letter=A
(3) http://www.rainforest.co.jp/t-tropical%20plant'1.htm

3.01

No evidence

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Don’t know

4.05

No evidence

4.06

Gloeosporium minimum [a specialist pathogen which also attack other species of ornamental Anthurium] and Phoma sp are listed as the two fungi species to be associated with A. hookeri

(1) http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm
(2) http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/Foliage/folnotes/anthuriu.htm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

rain forest plant with evergreen leaves

http://www.msaqua.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=anthurium_hookeri

4.09

(1)an epiphyte [naturally grows under canopy] (2)A light level of 1500 to 2000 ft-candles has been proposed (3)does not like a light level stronger than about 30% shade

(1)TI: Adaptive morphology of the tropical wet montane epiphyte Anthurium hookeri AU: Sheridan,-Richard-P [Author] SO: Selbyana-. 1994; 15(2): 18-23.PY: 1994 (2)http://www.mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/Foliage/folnotes/anthuriu.htm (3)http://www.zoneten.com/aroids.htm

4.1

Due to their epiphytic nature anthuriums require well-aerated soil mixes

http://www.mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/Foliage/folnotes/anthuriu.htm

4.11

Not a climber - an epiphyte

4.12

No evidence

5.01

An epiphyte

TI: Adaptive morphology of the tropical wet montane epiphyte Anthurium hookeri
AU: Sheridan,-Richard-P [Author] SO: Selbyana-. 1994; 15(2): 18-23.PY: 1994

5.02

Araceae

5.03

'AB: The "bird's nest" epiphyte Anthurium hookeri, endemic in the montane rain forest of Guadeloupe, French West Indies, maintains a mean of 149 g dry weight of epiphyte soil (detritus) derived from fine litterfall-leaves, twigs and flower parts. Detritus composition averaged 86.9% OM, 2.54% total nitrogen and 0.125% dry weight phosphorus. The mean N contribution from biological nitrogen fixation was 136 mg N cntdot kg whole-plant dry weight cntdot yr-1. The N and P concentrations determined for A. hookeri detritus exceeded concentrations determined for other species of montane rain and cloud forest epiphytes. The sum of the morphological adaptations of A. hookeri resulted in the accumulation of sufficient N, P and other minerals to sustain this epiphyte and provide for reproduction in an oligotrophic epiphytic biotope.' [not a woody palnt]

TI: Adaptive morphology of the tropical wet montane epiphyte Anthurium hookeri AU: Sheridan,-Richard-P [Author] SO: Selbyana-. 1994; 15(2): 18-23. PY: 1994

5.04

6.01

No evidence

6.02

"Seed often has a small green radicle already emerging at the time of seed harvest. Germination takes from 1-3 weeks in most cases, but may take longer in some species. " [description of the genus Anthurium]

http://www.aroid.org/TAP/Articles/anthpollination.html

6.03

No evidence

6.04

"Anthuriums have perfect flowers, bearing both male and female working parts. The difficulty is this; the stigma (female) is ready for pollination before the pistals (male) presents its pollen. In nature this helps to insure cross-pollination and discourages self-pollination." [description of the genus Anthurium]

http://www.aroid.org/TAP/Articles/anthpollination.html

6.05

AB: The pollination strategies of Anthurium (Araceae) were investigated in the field in Ecuador. Three different pollinator types (viz., Cecidomyiidae, Drosophilidae and Euglossini) were observed in wild plants in habitat. Floral fragrances of 10 Anthurium species grown in a greenhouse were sampled and analyzed. Species visited by Cecidomyiidae in the field are scentless to the human nose and to our technical equipment. Those visited by Drosophilidae emit substances perceived by humans as smelling of alcohol or rotten fruit. The remaining species emitted strong, most agreeable perfumes in the morning hours and fit well into the euglossine syndrome better known in some groups of neotropical orchids. Scent composition of these species is discussed in some detail. One of the perfumed species was observed to be euglossine-pollinated in the field. The probable genetic isolation of species by means of scent-directed allocation of pollinators is discussed.

TI: Anthecology in the neotropical genus Anthurium (Araceae): A preliminary report. AU: Schwerdtfeger,-Michael [Author]; Gerlach,-Guenter [Author,-Reprint- author]; Kaiser,-Roman [Author] SO: Selbyana-. 2002; 23(2): 258-267. PY: 2002

6.06

loose rosette

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_EP159

6.07

Don’t know

7.01

No evidence - not an avenue species.

7.02

An ornamental plant.

http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=ANTHURIUM_HOOKERI

7.03

No evidence

7.04

"The berries will typically contain one or two seeds, depending on the species and health of the plant. Berries are ripe when they acheive their proper color and size." [description of the genus Anthurium]

http://www.aroid.org/TAP/Articles/anthpollination.html

7.05

No evidence

7.06

"The berries will typically contain one or two seeds, depending on the species and health of the plant. Berries are ripe when they acheive their proper color and size." [description of the genus Anthurium]

http://www.aroid.org/TAP/Articles/anthpollination.html

7.07

No evidence

7.08

bird-dispersed

8.01

base on photo < 1000 seeds, only one or two per berry and few berries

http://toptropicals.com/pics/garden/c4/5999.jpg

8.02

"The seed should be sown immediatly as it dessicates easily and is not viable for very long. Storage of seed is of little value. " [description of the genus Anthurium]

http://www.aroid.org/TAP/Articles/anthpollination.html

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

an rosette-type epiphyte with limited root mass in trees

8.05

Beware of slugs and snails, eliminate them with bait or pick them up at night.

http://www.msaqua.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=anthurium_hookeri