Andropogon virginicus L. Family - Poaceae. Common Names(s) - Broomsedge, Yellow bluestem.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

n

1

Total score:

20

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/andvir/all.html [Accessed 10 Dec 2009]

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native to eastern North America, now extending into Central America and sparingly introduced elsewhere; in Hawaii common and often dominant along roadsides and in disturbed dry to mesic forest and shrubland, especially on ridges, 50-1200 m on Oahu and Hawaii.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.02

(1)Native to eastern North America, now extending into Central America and sparingly introduced elsewhere; in Hawaii common and often dominant along roadsides and in disturbed dry to mesic forest and shrubland, especially on ridges, 50-1200 m on Oahu and Hawaii.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.03

(1)Native to eastern North America, now extending into Central America and sparingly introduced elsewhere; in Hawaii common and often dominant along roadsides and in disturbed dry to mesic forest and shrubland, especially on ridges, 50-1200 m on Oahu and Hawaii. [elevation range >1000 m]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.04

(1)Native to eastern North America, now extending into Central America and sparingly introduced elsewhere; in Hawaii common and often dominant along roadsides and in disturbed dry to mesic forest and shrubland, especially on ridges, 50-1200 m on Oahu and Hawaii.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.05

(1)Introduced into tropical Africa, Australia, Western USA, and Hawaii

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

3.01

(1)Native to eastern North America, now extending into Central America and sparingly introduced elsewhere; in Hawaii common and often dominant along roadsides and in disturbed dry to mesic forest and shrubland, especially on ridges, 50-1200 m on Oahu and Hawaii.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.02

(1)Native to eastern North America, now extending into Central America and sparingly introduced elsewhere; in Hawaii common and often dominant along roadsides and in disturbed dry to mesic forest and shrubland, especially on ridges, 50-1200 m on Oahu and Hawaii. [invades disturbed areas, but only answer yes to 3.04]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.03

(1)"Broomsedge is a native, warm-season, short-lived perennial bunchgrass that has invaded millions of hectares of pastureland in the southeastern United States (Peters and Lowance 1974)." (2)Broomsedge bluestem is considered a pasture weed. It frequently invades improperly managed pasture lands, and because of its low palatability, increases on deteriorating ranges. To reduce its abundance, pastures should be heavily grazed in the early spring when broomsedge bluestem is most palatable, and then deferred from grazing for 60 to 90 days [18]. In pastures heavily infested with broomsedge bluestem in Missouri, a combination of drilling with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), fertilization, winter mowing, and grazing eliminated broomsedge bluestem in 4 years [28].

(1)Butler, T. J., J. F. Stritzke, L. A. Redmon, and C. L. Goad. 2002. Broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus) Response to Herbicides and Burning. Weed Technology 16(1): 18-22. (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/andvir/all.html [Accessed 10 Dec 2009] (3)http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxious?rptType=State&statefips=15 [Accessed 10 Dec 2009]

3.04

(1)Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge), a perennial bunchgrass capable of forming a dense, monotypic ground cover excluding natives, spreads readily by wind-borne seeds. Distribution in the study area consisted of one plant in a Carex bog at 4,400 ft (1,340 m) on the Lower Plateau, several individuals at 4,100 ft (1,250 m) elevation on the transect in closed-canopy koa-`ohia forest on the Upper Plateau, and a few plants at 3,280 ft (1,000 m) on Palikea Stream and 3,500 ft (1,070 m) in Ko`uko`uai gulches and also in closed-canopy `ohi`a-koa forest. All of these plants were uprooted. Continuing work in the Valley has led to the discovery of a major population of broomsedge extending along the sheer eastern wall of the Valley from 3,600 ft (1,100 m) to east of Kaumakani Peak. (2)Broomsedge, Andropogon virginicus Although well established in many low-elevation areas of East Maui, including wet slopes and clearings in Kipahulu Valley, broomsedge is still very rare in Kaupo Gap. Because of its well-known negative effects in Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park, linked to fire, at elevations comparable to Kaupo Gap, it warrants early control in Haleakala. Interestingly, this bunchgrass, generally associated with leeward, drier sites, has recently been recorded in the wet montane bogs of Haleakala's Northeast Rift. Opportunistic control has prevented its further spread there and should be continued. (3)Hawaii State noxious weed

(1)Anderson, S. J., C. P Stone and P. K. Higashino. 1992. Distribution and spread of alien plants in Kipahulu Valley, Haleakala National Park, above 2,300 ft elevation. Pp. 300-338 in C. P. Stone, C. W. Smith and J. T. Tunison (eds.). Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawaii: Management and Research. University of Hawaii Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, Honolulu, Hawai`i (2)Loope, L. L., R. J. Nagata, and A. C. Medeiros. 1992. Alien plants in Haleakala National Park. Pp. 551-576 in C. P. Stone, C. W. Smith and J. T. Tunison (eds.). Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawaii: Management and Research. University of Hawaii Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, Honolulu, Hawai`i. (3)http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxious?rptType=State&statefips=15 [Accessed 10 Dec 2009]

3.05

(1)Andropogon gayanus…It is invasive because it forms dense and large tussocks, displacing native vegetation…Smaller patches can be sprayed with grass-specific herbicides. Individual tufts may be hand pulled or dug out.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

4.01

(1)A perennial bunchgrass of 50-100 cm height, with branching, light-green to reddish brown stems. Leaf-sheaths have long hairs on the margins and a tuberculate surface. Ligules are yellow to brownish and membranous. Leaf blades reach 40 cm in length and are 2-5 mm wide, rough and have spathes of 3-5 cm length. Inflorescences are racemes of 2-4 cm length containing spikelets of 3-4 mm length. Flowers are either sessile and bisexual or stalked and male.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

4.02

(1)Abstract: Aqueous extracts of fresh roots and shoots of Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge) were found to be inhibitory to the growth of seedlings of Amaranthus palmeri, Bromus japonicus, Aristida oligantha, and Andropogon scoparius. The first two species are often important in the pioneer stage of old-field succession in eastern Oklahoma, Aristida is prominent in the second stage, and Andropogon scoparius is important later in succession including the climax Quercus stellata-Quercus marilandica savanna. Sterile dilute extracts of roots and shoots of broomsedge were inhibitory to two test species of Azotobacter, a free living nitrogen fixer, and to two species of Rhizobium, a symbiotic nitrogen fixer. Small amounts of decaying shoots of broomsedge (1 g per 454 g of soil) were very inhibitory to the growth of the four test species listed above and to Amaranthus retroflexus, another species often important in the first stage of succession. Similar amounts of decaying material in soil also significantly inhibited growth and nodulation of the two most important species of legumes in old-field succession in eastern Oklahoma, Lespedeza stipulacea and Trifolium repens. Broomsedge is known to compete vigorously and grow well on soils of low fertility, so the inhibition of nodulation of legumes could help keep the nitrogen supply low and give broomsedge a selective advantage in competition over species that have higher nitrogen requirements. The combined interference of broomsedge against other species resulting from competition and allelopathy could help explain why it invades old fields in 3-5 yr after abandonment from cultivation and remains so long in almost pure stands. (2)On infertile soils, broomsedge bluestem acts as a long-lived competitor. Nearly pure stands can persist on soils low in nitrogen or phosphorus as a result of competition and allelopathy. Decaying broomsedge bluestem inhibits the growth of carelessweed (Amaranthus palmeri), Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus), prairie threeawn (Aristida oligantha), and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium)

(1)Rice, E. L. 1972. Allelopathic Effects of Andropogon virginicus and its Persistence in Old Fields. American Journal of Botany 59(7): 752-755. (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/andvir/all.html [Accessed 10 Dec 2009]

4.03

(1)A perennial bunchgrass of 50-100 cm height, with branching, light-green to reddish brown stems. Leaf-sheaths have long hairs on the margins and a tuberculate surface. Ligules are yellow to brownish and membranous. Leaf blades reach 40 cm in length and are 2-5 mm wide, rough and have spathes of 3-5 cm length. Inflorescences are racemes of 2-4 cm length containing spikelets of 3-4 mm length. Flowers are either sessile and bisexual or stalked and male.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

4.04

(1)Broomsedge is less palatable than many forage species, especially as it matures. On ungrazed or lightly grazed areas, seed stalks of mature broomsedge may remain standing for a year or more. The light-yellow broomsedge stems are distinctive, and fields infested with broomsedge are obvious during the dormant season. (2)Uses Livestock: Broomsedge bluestem is grazed readily by cattle in the spring and early summer shortly after growth starts. The nutrition value is low except in early stages of growth. It is unpalatable when mature. (3)Grazing considerations: The nutritional quality and digestibility of new broomsedge bluestem growth are significantly increased following fire. When burned in January or February in Georgia, protein content on March 15 was 13 percent for plants on burned sites but only 5.5 percent for plants on unburned sites. However, nutrient increases are short-lived. By June 15, protein content of burned and unburned plants was similar at 6.2 and 6.0 percent, respectively [20]. Tender and nutritious, this new growth is palatable to cattle and horses. Following a July wildfire on Cumberland Islands National Seashore, Georgia, horses heavily grazed broomsedge bluestem regrowth but avoided nearby plants that had not burned

(1)Peters, E. J. and S. A. Lowance. 1974. Fertility and Management Treatments to Control Broomsedge in Pastures. Weed Science 22(3): 201-205. (2)http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_anvi2.pdf [Accessed 10 Dec 2009] (3)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/andvir/all.html [Accessed 10 Dec 2009]

4.05

(1)Broomsedge is less palatable than many forage species, especially as it matures. On ungrazed or lightly grazed areas, seed stalks of mature broomsedge may remain standing for a year or more. The light-yellow broomsedge stems are distinctive, and fields infested with broomsedge are obvious during the dormant season. [no evidence] (2)Uses Livestock: Broomsedge bluestem is grazed readily by cattle in the spring and early summer shortly after growth starts. The nutrition value is low except in early stages of growth. It is unpalatable when mature.

(1)Peters, E. J. and S. A. Lowance. 1974. Fertility and Management Treatments to Control Broomsedge in Pastures. Weed Science 22(3): 201-205. (2)http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_anvi2.pdf [Accessed 10 Dec 2009]

4.06

(1)Cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus (Boheman), is an important pest of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers, in the southeastern United States. This insect also feeds on other fabaceous crops and a number of wild host plants. In a field survey done in Alabama during 1992 to 1994, adults of cowpea curculio were collected on 31 alternate host plant species representing 11 plant families, and eggs and larvae were collected on three fabaceous plant species of the subtribe Phaseolinae. Before the cow- pea cropping season in the spring, some of the alternate host plants of adults included narrow-leaved vetch, Vicia sativa ssp. nigra (L.) Erhardt, purple cudweed, Gnapha- lium purpureum L., heartwing sorrel, Rumex hastatulus L., cutleaf eveningprimrose, Oenothera laciniata L., and moss verbena, Verbena tenuisecta Briquet. In May and June, cowpea curculios reproduced on snapbean pods, Phaseolus vulgaris L., before cowpea plants bloomed, indicating that adults from this new generation could infest cowpeas during pod formation. Adults fed on sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby, during the cowpea cropping season. After the end of the cowpea cropping season, cowpea curculio produced an overwintering generation on Strophostyles um- bellata (L.) Elliott and S. helvula (Muhlenburg ex Willdenow) Britton. Adults over- wintered in clumps of broomsedge, Andropogon virginicus L. Purple cudweed, heartwing sorrel, moss verbena, and sicklepod may represent new host records for cowpea curculio. Destruction of spring alternate hosts and overwintering hosts of cowpea curculio and crop rotation of cowpeas away from snapbeans may help to re- duce cowpea curculio infestation in cowpea. [apparently not only important alternate host]

(1)Sudbrink, D. L., T. P. Mack, and G. W. Zehnder. 1998. Alternate Host Plants of Cowpea Curculio, (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Alabama. The Florida Entomologist 81(3): 373-383.

4.07

(1)No evidence of toxicity (2)Allergenicity: Broom-Sedge (Andropogon Virginicus) is a moderate allergen. [allergenic to susceptible individuals, but not inherently allergenic]

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. (2)http://www.pollenlibrary.com/botany_researchers_maps.php?view=species.php&species=Andropogon+virginicus&common=Broom-Sedge [Accessed 15 Dec 2009]

4.08

(1)The species is highly flammable due to accumulation of dead plant material and thus affects fire regimes by increasing fire intensity as well as the acreage burnt. The species is fire-stimulated, and its cover increases with each fire.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

4.09

(1)Broomsedge bluestem is a shade-intolerant, seral species.

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/andvir/all.html [Accessed 10 Dec 2009]

4.10

(1)Subhumid to humid subtropical areas on a wide range of soils. (2)It is most common on sandy soils but also grows on a variety of other soil textures [11,18]. It grows well on low-fertility soils, especially those on eroded, "worn-out" fields [18].

(1)http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?fr=1&si=200&sts= [Accessed 15 Dec 2009] (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/andvir/all.html [Accessed 10 Dec 2009]

4.11

(1)A perennial bunchgrass of 50-100 cm height, with branching, light-green to reddish brown stems. Leaf-sheaths have long hairs on the margins and a tuberculate surface. Ligules are yellow to brownish and membranous. Leaf blades reach 40 cm in length and are 2-5 mm wide, rough and have spathes of 3-5 cm length. Inflorescences are racems of 2-4 cm length containing spikelets of 3-4 mm length. Flowers are either sessile and bisexual or stalked and male.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

4.12

(1)On Hawaii, it forms dense stands in bogs, open mesic and dry habitats. (2)On infertile soils, broomsedge bluestem acts as a long-lived competitor. Nearly pure stands can persist on soils low in nitrogen or phosphorus as a result of competition and allelopathy. Decaying broomsedge bluestem inhibits the growth of carelessweed (Amaranthus palmeri), Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus), prairie threeawn (Aristida oligantha), and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium)

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/andvir/all.html [Accessed 10 Dec 2009]

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1)Poaceae

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.03

(1)Poaceae

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.04

(1)A perennial bunchgrass of 50-100 cm height, with branching, light-green to reddish brown stems. Leaf-sheaths have long hairs on the margins and a tuberculate surface. Ligules are yellow to brownish and membranous. Leaf blades reach 40 cm in length and are 2-5 mm wide, rough and have spathes of 3-5 cm length. Inflorescences are racems of 2-4 cm length containing spikelets of 3-4 mm length. Flowers are either sessile and bisexual or stalked and male.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

6.02

(1)Seeds are dispersed by wind.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

6.03

(1)Abstract In a mixed population of Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus and A. longiberbis in Lake County, Florida, there were six individuals morphologically intermediate between and less fertile than these two taxa. In a discriminant analysis using two characters, spikelet length and raceme sheath width, the putative hybrid plants are significantly different from both parents (P<0.01). Reproductive isolation of these taxa in other mixed populations comes, at least in part, from a combination of nonsynchronous flowering and cleistogamy. [unknown for A. virginicus]

(1)Campbell, C. S. 1982. Hybridization between andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus and A. longiberbis (gramineae) in central Florida. Brittonia 34(2): 146-150.

6.04

(1)Most of the species of the large, cosmopolitan genus Andropogon (sensu Stapf, 1919) bear flowers which have three stamens and are chasmogamous. Flowers of 11 species, however, have only one functional stamen. Chasmogamy occurs in all 11 species, but cleistogamy, resulting in the production of viable fruits, also takes place in all but one of these species. All 11 species grow in North or Central America or in both. Nine of the species comprise the Andropogon virginicus complex, a group of diploid, cespitose perennials with a center of distribution in the southeastern United States (Campbell, in press)...It is not known whether or not increases in homozygosity have accompanied increases in cleistogamy in the virginicus complex. Second, self-compatibility facilitates establishment of new populations following long-distance dispersal. The dispersal units of the virginicus complex are adapted for wind dispersal, and colonizing by seed dispersal (rather than by seed persisting in the soil from previous colonizations) appears to be important for andropogon weeds (Campbell, 1980). Moreover, because all the taxa but one (Andropogon arctatus) are known to be self- compatible, they all potentially benefit from Baker's rule (Jain, 1976).

(1)Campbell, C. S. 1982. Cleistogamy in Andropogon L. (Gramineae). American Journal of Botany 69(10): 1625-1635.

6.05

(1)The reduced flowers are anemophilous [Poaceae]

(1)Zomlefer, W.B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC.

6.06

(1)REGENERATION PROCESSES : Broomsedge bluestem's primary mode of reproduction is sexual. It is a prolific producer of small seeds that are dispersed by wind and readily establish on exposed soil. [no evidence]

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/andvir/all.html [Accessed 10 Dec 2009]

6.07

(1)Flowering begins when plants are 2 or 3 years old, and continues thereafter

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/andvir/all.html [Accessed 10 Dec 2009]

7.01

(1)The seed is well adapted to catch in wool and fur as well as in clothing. May also be spread on mud on machinery.

(1)Parsons, W. T. and E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne/Sydney.

7.02

(1)The seed is well adapted to catch in wool and fur as well as in clothing. May also be spread on mud on machinery. [plant may have been intentionally spread in past, but now considered a weed]

(1)Parsons, W. T. and E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne/Sydney.

7.03

(1)The seed is well adapted to catch in wool and fur as well as in clothing. May also be spread on mud on machinery

(1)Parsons, W. T. and E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne/Sydney.

7.04

(1)Seeds are dispersed by wind.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

7.05

(1)The seed is well adapted to catch in wool and fur as well as in clothing. May also be spread on mud on machinery

(1)Parsons, W. T. and E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne/Sydney.

7.06

(1)Wherever clumps of broomsedge were to be found near the road, groups of as many as 10 or 15 birds were busily engaged in stripping the stalks of their seeds. They would fly into the air, perch on or near the tip of the grass culm, bend it to the snow surface by their weight, then extract the seeds and eat them. [birds act as seed predators, not dispersers] (2)Wildlife: Broomsedge bluestem benefits wildlife. Several species of birds and mammals eat the seeds in the winter when the seeds of other plants are not available. Several animals use the plants for cover and nesting sites (especially quail).

(1)Davison, V. E. and William R. Van Dersal. 1941. Broomsedge as a Food for Wildlife. The Journal of Wildlife Management 5(2): 180-181. (2)http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_anvi2.pdf [Accessed 10 Dec 2009]

7.07

(1)The seed is well adapted to catch in wool and fur as well as in clothing. May also be spread on mud on machinery

(1)Parsons, W. T. and E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne/Sydney.

7.08

Unknown

8.01

(1)Andropogon virginicus is an early old-field successional species and was not abundant in the seed bank, even within the A. virginicus-dominated vegetation. Because A. virginicus is a common upland wind-dispersed species, invasion of Carolina bay wetlands is probably by dispersal into them during dry periods, rather than recruitment from a persistent seed bank.

(1)Kirkman, L. K. and R. R. Sharitz. 1994. Vegetation Disturbance and Maintenance of Diversity in Intermittently Flooded Carolina Bays in South Carolina. Ecological Applications 4(1): 177-188.

8.02

(1)Andropogon virginicus is an early old-field successional species and was not abundant in the seed bank, even within the A. virginicus-dominated vegetation. Because A. virginicus is a common upland wind-dispersed species, invasion of Carolina bay wetlands is probably by dispersal into them during dry periods, rather than recruitment from a persistent seed bank. [soil seed longevity unknown]

(1)Kirkman, L. K. and R. R. Sharitz. 1994. Vegetation Disturbance and Maintenance of Diversity in Intermittently Flooded Carolina Bays in South Carolina. Ecological Applications 4(1): 177-188.

8.03

(1)Chemical control methods include spraying bromacil, hexazinone, tebuthiuron, or a mixture of bromacil and diuron. Individual plants can be hand pulled or dug out. (2)Abstract: Broomsedge control studies were conducted on six broomsedge-infested pastures in south- eastern Oklahoma from 1995 to 1997. Glyphosate applied in spring at 2.24 kg ai/ha decreased broomsedge plant density by 58% 3 mo after treatment (MAT), on areas where the previous year's forage was grazed, and by 95% 3 MAT, where spring fire had removed the old top-growth before glyphosate application. Broomsedge plant density was not affected where glyphosate was applied in spring to sites with old-standing top-growth. Paraquat applied in spring at 0.56 kg ai/ha and spring burning without a herbicide treatment had no effect on broomsedge plant density. Glyphosate at 0.56 and 1.12 kg ai/ha applied in late summer reduced the number of broomsedge stems 1 yr after treatment (YAT) by an average of 65 and 80%, respectively. Paraquat at 0.56 kg/ha applied in late summer of 1995, followed by burning 1 wk after treatment (WAT), decreased broomsedge stem density by more than 60% 1 YAT at four of six locations when compared with mowing in late summer. Burning in November after an October frost decreased broomsedge stem density by more than 47% 1 YAT at four locations. Two consecutive years of burning after frost and paraquat applied in late summer followed by burning 1 WAT reduced broomsedge dry matter production by 68 and 96%, respectively, when compared with mowing in late summer. These data suggest that good to excellent control of established broomsedge is possible with herbicides alone, with a combination of herbicides and late-summer burning, and with fall burning after an early frost in a dry fall. However, broomsedge control was short-lived with all the treatments because of the establishment of new broomsedge seedlings. Thus, it will be important to integrate the destruction of broomsedge plants with proper fertility and grazing management in order to provide satisfactory broomsedge control.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. (2)Butler, T. J., J. F. Stritzke, L. A. Redmon, and C. L. Goad. 2002. Broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus) Response to Herbicides and Burning. Weed Technology 16(1): 18-22.

8.04

(1)The species is highly flammable due to accumulation of dead plant material and thus affects fire regimes by increasing fire intensity as well as the acreage burnt. The species is fire-stimulated, and its cover increases with each fire. (2)Broomsedge bluestem is both a fire survivor and an off site colonizer. Burned plants quickly initiate new top-growth from surviving meristems. In Hawaii, broomsedge bluestem began sprouting within 4 days after fire [14]. In southern Florida, it initiated new top-growth 3 weeks after prescribed burning in mid-February [13]. Additionally, new plants are commonly established the first year after fire from abundant wind-dispersed seed [19].

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

8.05

(1)Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge), a perennial bunchgrass capable of forming a dense, monotypic ground cover excluding natives, spreads readily by wind-borne seeds. Distribution in the study area consisted of one plant in a Carex bog at 4,400 ft (1,340 m) on the Lower Plateau, several individuals at 4,100 ft (1,250 m) elevation on the transect in closed-canopy koa-`ohia forest on the Upper Plateau, and a few plants at 3,280 ft (1,000 m) on Palikea Stream and 3,500 ft (1,070 m) in Ko`uko`uai gulches and also in closed-canopy `ohi`a-koa forest. All of these plants were uprooted. Continuing work in the Valley has led to the discovery of a major population of broomsedge extending along the sheer eastern wall of the Valley from 3,600 ft (1,100 m) to east of Kaumakani Peak. (2)Broomsedge, Andropogon virginicus Although well established in many low-elevation areas of East Maui, including wet slopes and clearings in Kipahulu Valley, broomsedge is still very rare in Kaupo Gap. Because of its well-known negative effects in Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park, linked to fire, at elevations comparable to Kaupo Gap, it warrants early control in Haleakala. Interestingly, this bunchgrass, generally associated with leeward, drier sites, has recently been recorded in the wet montane bogs of Haleakala's Northeast Rift. Opportunistic control has prevented its further spread there and should be continued. (3)Hawaii State noxious weed

(1)Anderson, S. J., C. P Stone and P. K. Higashino. 1992. Distribution and spread of alien plants in Kipahulu Valley, Haleakala National Park, above 2,300 ft elevation. Pp. 300-338 in C. P. Stone, C. W. Smith and J. T. Tunison (eds.). Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawaii: Management and Research. University of Hawaii Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, Honolulu, Hawai`i (2)Loope, L. L., R. J. Nagata, and A. C. Medeiros. 1992. Alien plants in Haleakala National Park. Pp. 551-576 in C. P. Stone, C. W. Smith and J. T. Tunison (eds.). Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawaii: Management and Research. University of Hawaii Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, Honolulu, Hawai`i. (3)http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxious?rptType=State&statefips=15 [Accessed 10 Dec 2009]