Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Alluaudia procera
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -7
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
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Alluaudia procera (Drake) Drake Family - Didiereaceae . Common Names(s) - Madagascar ocotillo, Arbre Pieuvre. Synonym(s) - Didierea procera. |
Answer |
Score |
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1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=1, n=-1 |
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|
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
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|
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
|
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
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|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
1 |
|
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? |
y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 |
y |
|
|
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
n |
-2 |
|
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
1 |
|
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
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|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
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|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.10 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
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|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
|
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
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|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
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|
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
4+ |
-1 |
|
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
|
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
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|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
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|
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
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|
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
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8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
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|
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
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Total score: |
-7 |
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Supporting data:
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Notes |
Source |
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1.01 |
No evidence |
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1.02 |
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1.03 |
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2.01 |
(1) Native to Africa: Madagascar |
(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?2433 [Accessed 2008 Oct 27]. |
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2.02 |
(1) Native to Africa: Madagascar |
(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?2433 [Accessed 2008 Oct 27]. |
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2.03 |
(1) USDA zone: 9 (2) USDA Zones: 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (3) Elevation 0-499 m. |
(1) http://www.cactusshop.com/library/products.aspx [Accessed 2008 Oct 27]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/53187/ [Accessed 2008 Oct 27]. (3) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=220000473 [Accessed 2008 Oct 27]. |
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2.04 |
(1) Native to Africa: Madagascar |
(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?2433 [Accessed 2008 Oct 27]. |
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2.05 |
(1) Gardino Nursery has A. procera listed in its online catalogue. However, it is out of stock at this time. (2) Rancho Soledad Nursery in Rancho Sante Fe, CA has plants for sale. (3) Cactus King Nursery in San Diego, CA has A. procera for sale. (4) Flora Marketing Co. from Mauritius has A procera for sale. (5) Glasshouse Works in Ohio has A. procera for sale. |
(1) http://www.gardinonursery.com/product_info.php?products_id=748 [Accessed 2008 Nov 12]. (2) http://ranchosoledad.net/CurrentList/Current_List.doc [Accessed 2008 Nov 13]. (3) http://www.cactuskingandsucculents.com/index.htm [Accessed 2008 Nov 13]. (4) http://www.flora.mu/prodCatalogue.asp?catg=5 [Accessed 2008 N0v 13]. (5) http://www.glasshouseworks.com/pageone.html |
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3.01 |
No evidence of naturalization in any of the literature. |
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3.02 |
No evidence |
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3.03 |
No evidence |
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3.04 |
No evidence |
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3.05 |
No evidence (1) There are six species in the Genus and all are endemic to Madagascar. |
(1) http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at1311_full.html [Accessed 2008 Nov 14]. |
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4.01 |
(1) Produces spines. (2) Branches have conical thorns. |
(1) Grubb, P. J. (2003). "Interpreting some outstanding features of the flora and vegetation of Madagascar." Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 6(1-2): 125-146. (2) http://www.cactusshop.com/library/products.aspx |
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4.02 |
No evidence |
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4.03 |
No evidence |
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4.04 |
(1) Plant is resistant to deer. |
(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/53187/ [Accessed 2008 Oct 27]. |
|
4.05 |
No evidence (1) The forests of Alluaudias are cut down to provide fodder for cattle. |
(1) http://www.livingdesert.org/plants/african_ocotillo.asp [Accessed 2008 Oct 27]. |
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4.06 |
No evidence |
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4.07 |
No evidence |
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4.08 |
Unknown |
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4.09 |
(1) Bright light to full sun. (2) Full sun. |
(1) http://www.cactusshop.com/library/products.aspx [Accessed 2008 Oct 27]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/53187/ [Accessed 2008 Oct 27]. |
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4.10 |
(1) Requires very porous soil with adequate drainage. (2) Sandy soil natural habitat.(3) There are two major rock types in the ecoregion; the Tertiary limestone of the Mahafaly Plateau and the unconsolidated red sands of the central south and southeast. |
(1) http://www.cactusshop.com/library/products.aspx (2) http://vesmir.msu.cas.cz/Pavel/ekokonference_EN.html [Accessed 2008 Nov 13]. (3) http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at1311_full.html [Accessed 2008 Nov 14] |
|
4.11 |
(1) Small tree |
(1) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Didiereaceae/Alluaudia_procera.html [Accessed 2008 Nov 13]. |
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4.12 |
Unknown |
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5.01 |
(1) Terrestrial. |
(1 )IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 27 October 2008. |
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5.02 |
(1) Didiereaceae |
(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?2433 [Accessed 2008 Oct 27]. |
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5.03 |
(1) Didiereaceae |
(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?2433 [Accessed 2008 Oct 27]. |
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5.04 |
(1) Didiereaceae (2) Small tree |
(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?2433 [Accessed 2008 Oct 27]. (2) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Didiereaceae/Alluaudia_procera.html [Accessed 2008 Nov 13]. |
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6.01 |
(1) One of the dominant trees in the Madagascar Spiny Thicket Ecoregion. |
(1) http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at1311_full.html [Accessed 2008 Nov 14]. |
|
6.02 |
(1) Propagation by seeds. |
(1) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Didiereaceae/Alluaudia_procera.html [Accessed 2008 Nov 13]. |
|
6.03 |
Unknown |
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6.04 |
(1) The Didiereaceae family consists of dioecious plants. |
(1) http://www.jstor.org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/stable/pdfplus/2419747.pdf [Accessed 2008 N0v 13]. |
|
6.05 |
Unknown |
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6.06 |
No evidence |
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6.07 |
(1) Slow growing. |
(1) http://vesmir.msu.cas.cz/Pavel/ekokonference_EN.html [Accessed 2008Nov 13]. |
|
7.01 |
Plants don't grow in heavily trafficked area. |
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7.02 |
(1) Propagule available from catalogue. (2) Available from The Living Desert’s Palo Verde Garden Center. |
(1) http://www.cactusbylin.com/product/New-202626568 [Accessed 2008 Oct 27]. (2) http://www.livingdesert.org/plants/african_ocotillo.asp [Accessed 2008 Oct 27]. |
|
7.03 |
Produce contamination unlikely. (1) A. procera is a xerophytic tree usually grown in a xeroscape. |
(1) http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week301.shtml [Accessed 2008 Nov 14]. |
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7.04 |
Not likely. (1) Didiereaceae fruit non-fleshy; indehiscent; capsular-indehiscent (three-angled); 1 seeded (the seed with a small funicular aril). Seeds nearly non-endospermic |
(1) http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/didierea.htm {Accessed 2008 Nov 14]. |
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7.05 |
(1) Xeropyhtic plant. (2) Xerophytic plant. |
(1) http://www.cactusshop.com/library/products.aspx [Accessed 2008 Nov 13]. (2) http://vesmir.msu.cas.cz/Pavel/ekokonference_EN.html |
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7.06 |
Not likely. (1) Didiereaceae fruit non-fleshy; indehiscent; capsular-indehiscent (three-angled); 1 seeded (the seed with a small funicular aril). Seeds nearly non-endospermic |
(1) http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/didierea.htm {Accessed 2008 Nov 14]. |
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7.07 |
Not likely, no means of attachment. (1) Didiereaceae fruit non-fleshy; indehiscent; capsular-indehiscent (three-angled); 1 seeded (the seed with a small funicular aril). Seeds nearly non-endospermic |
(1) http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/didierea.htm {Accessed 2008 Nov 14]. |
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7.08 |
Unknown |
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8.01 |
Unknown |
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8.02 |
Unknown |
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8.03 |
Unknown |
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8.04 |
Unknown (1) Plant is fire-retardant. |
(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/53187/ [Accessed 2008 Oct 27]. |
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8.05 |
Unknown |
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This page created 19 June 2009