Allium sativum L. Family - Liliaceae. Common Names(s) -garlic, alho, alho-bravo, alho-comum, alho-hortense . Synonym(s) - .

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

y

-3

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

y

1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

1.5

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1.5

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

1

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

n

1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) A. sativum was found in c. 1325 BC Tutankhamun's tomb. (2) Not known in the wild.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA195&lpg=PA195&dq=allium+sativum
+%2B+%22domestication%22&source=web&ots=IHk4clRrO4&sig=
_JTxemZR_c9v95t32rEoyfidy0A&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result (2) http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=B403 [Accessed 2008 Dec 12].

1.02

(1) Probably native to central Asia, but has become naturalized in Europe and throughout the world.

(1) http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubs/PDF/C854.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 12].

1.03

Unknown

2.01

(1) Grown throughout the tropics and sub tropics. (2) Garlic was recorded as abundant on the Hawaiian islands in 1814.

(1) http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/seeds-of-trade/page.dsml?section=regions&ref=onions&cat_ref=&region_ID=6&time_ref=
&page=wild_relatives&origTimeID=&origTimePoint=&origTpTitle=&origPage= [Accessed 2008 Dec 17]. (2) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

2.02

2.03

(1) USDA Hardiness Zones 3a-8b. (2) USDA Zones 4-9.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54983/ [Accessed 2008 Dec 12]. (2) http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=B403 [Accessed 2008 Dec 12].

2.04

No definitive information on naturalization in tropical or subtropical regions. (1) Probably native to central Asia, but has become naturalized in Europe and throughout the world.

(1) http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubs/PDF/C854.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 12].

2.05

(1) Grown worldwide.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

3.01

(1) Only cultivated, possible origin c. Asia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?2368 [Accessed 2008 Dec 12].

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

(1) Allium triquetrum is a noxious weed in New Zealand and a weed of concern in Australia. (2) A. triquetrum is considered invasive in New Zealand.

(1) http://invasive.m-fuukei.jp/sdetail.php?g=Allium&s=triquetrum [Accessed 2008 Dec 17].(2) http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/sfc199.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 17].

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, burrs.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.04

(1) Deer resistant

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54983/ [Accessed 2008 Dec 12].

4.05

No evidence

4.06

No evidence

4.07

(1) Generally all plant parts of alliums can be consumed by humans (except the seeds).

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dE7a8SJ9Q7AC&oi=fnd&pg=PA5&dq=allium+sativum
+%2B+%22naturalized%22&ots=AxF5uSR4Yf&sig=1nsK1MtXGdgAJTKtE7MVhu84_uU#PPA8,M1 [Accessed 2008 Dec 12].

4.08

(1) Only cultivated, possible origin c. Asia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?2368 [Accessed 2008 Dec 12].

4.09

(1) Sun, sun-part-shade. (2) Full sun

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54983/ [Accessed 2008 Dec 12]. (2) http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubs/PDF/C854.pdf

4.10

(1) pH 6.1-6.5 (mildly acidic) and 6.6-7.5 (neutral). (2) Allium sativum grows best on well-drained soils with added organic matter. Sandy loam or loam soils have the most ideal texture for growing garlic.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54983/ [Accessed 2008 Dec 12]. (2) http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubs/PDF/C854.pdf

4.11

(1)Herb, bulb

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.12

(1) Herbaceous

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.01

(1) Terrestrial herb

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.02

(1) Liliaceae

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.03

(1) bulb

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.04

(1)Bulb produces many offsets.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

6.01

(1) Only cultivated, possible origin c. Asia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?2368 [Accessed 2008 Dec 12].

6.02

(1) Plant does not set seed, flowers are sterile. (2) Garlic does not produce true seeds, but is propagated by planting small cloves, which are bulblets.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54983/ [Accessed 2008 Dec 12]. (2) http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubs/PDF/C854.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 12}.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1) Pollinated by bees and insects.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Allium+sativum [Accessed 2008 Dec 17].

6.06

(1) Bulb produces many offsets.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

6.07

(1) Plant the clove in late Autumn for early Spring crop.

http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Allium+sativum [Accessed 2008 Dec 18].

7.01

(1) Plant does not set seed, flowers are sterile. (2) Garlic does not produce true seeds, but is propagated by planting small cloves, which are bulblets.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54983/ [Accessed 2008 Dec 12]. (2) http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubs/PDF/C854.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 12}.

7.02

(1) Bulbs are widely used. (2) A. sativum is the most widely used Allium in the world next to the common onion.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Allium+sativum (2) http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/jnlpdf.php?cdjournal=pjab1977&cdvol=59&noissue=4&startpage=83&lang=en&from=jnlabstract [Accessed 2008 Dec 17].

7.03

No evidence

7.04

(1) Bulbs with numerous bulblets.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.05

(1) Bulbs with numerous bulblets.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.06

(1) Bulbs with numerous bulblets.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.07

(1) No clear means of attachment. Bulbs with numerous bulblets.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.08

(1) Plant does not set seed, flowers are sterile. (2) Garlic does not produce true seeds, but is propagated by planting small cloves, which are bulblets.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54983/ [Accessed 2008 Dec 12]. (2) http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubs/PDF/C854.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 12}.

8.01

(1) Plant does not set seed, flowers are sterile. (2) Garlic does not produce true seeds, but is propagated by planting small cloves, which are bulblets.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54983/ [Accessed 2008 Dec 12]. (2) http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubs/PDF/C854.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 12}.

8.02

(1) Plant does not set seed, flowers are sterile. (2) Garlic does not produce true seeds, but is propagated by planting small cloves, which are bulblets.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54983/ [Accessed 2008 Dec 12]. (2) http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubs/PDF/C854.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 12}.

8.03

(1) There are numerous studies on the use of herbicides to control weeds in cultivated garlic. Garlic is not adversely affected. (2) Pacific Northwest Weed Management Handbook states that sethooxydim, quizalofop, clethodim, bromoxynil, oxyflourfen, diuron, trifluralin, napropamide, clopyralid and bentazonhave poor effectiveness in controlling A. sativum in mint. Paraquat was effective.

(1) http://www.scialert.net/pdfs/ajps/2002/412-413.pdf?sess=jJghHkjfd76K8JKHgh76JG7FHGDredhgJgh7GkjH7Gkjg57KJhT&userid=jhfgJKH78Jgh7GkjH7Gkjg57KJhT68JKHgh76JG7Ff (2) http://weeds.ippc.orst.edu/pnw/weeds?16W_MINT03.dat

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Don't know