Allamanda cathartica L. Family - Apocynaceae. Common Name -golden trumpet Allamanda, buttercup vine Synonym(s) - A. cathartica var. henersonii (W. Bull) Baillon & Raffill

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y

1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

n

0

5.02

Grass

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

Total score:

8

Notes

Reference

1.01

No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)native to northern Brazil, Guyana, Surinam, and probably French Guiana

(1)Liogier, H.A. 1995. Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands. Vol. 4. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR. 617 p.

2.02

2.03

(1)This plant can be grown outdoors in USDA zones 10-11, in frost-free climates. Elsewhere, it should be grown under glass or brought indoors in winter. (2)Zones 10-11 (3)Hardiness: USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)

(1)http://coolexotics.com/plant-526.html [09 Jan 2008] (2)Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look: An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR. (3)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1708/ [09 Jan 2008]

2.04

(1)Wild and naturalized allamanda grows on riverbanks in Suriname (Tropilab Inc. 2002), on disturbed sites in Florida (Long and Lakela 1976), along roads (Liogier 1995), and on abandoned farms, house places, and around clandestine dumps in Puerto Rico (author’s observation).

(1)Francis, J.K. 2002. Allamanda cathartica L. http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Allamanda%20cathartica.pdf [09 Jan 2008]

2.05

Ecosystems at Risk 2002, Tropilab Inc. 2002). The species has been planted and has become naturalized throughout the tropics (Howard 1989).

(1)Francis, J.K. 2002. Allamanda cathartica L. http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Allamanda%20cathartica.pdf [09 Jan 2008]

3.01

(1)Yellow allamanda was listed in Victorian nursery catalogues as early as 1855. It was first recorded as naturalised in North Queensland in 1945 but had been grown in Brisbane Botanical Gardens in 1933. It is spread by wind and water and is now widely naturalised in rainforests from North and Central Queensland. There are several colour forms and it is widely available in nurseries. (2)Locally naturalised in wet tropical areas in Qld, for example next to the Bruce Highway between Cairns and Tully (NSW specimen). Distrib: Localised. Qld (North Kennedy, South Kennedy), WA (CK). (3)Stanton (pers. comm.) reports that A. cathartica has become quite invasive in several National Parks of far north Queensland. It is becoming common along roadsides between Silkwood and Tully (north Qld).

(1)http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=E57 [09 Jan 2008] (2)Groves, R.H. 1998. Recent incursions of weeds to Australia 1971 - 1995. CRC for Weed Management Systems Technical Series No.3 January 1998. (3)Csurhes, S. and R. Edwards. 1998. Potential Environmental Weeds in Australia. Candidate Species For Preventative Control.Environment Australia, Canberra.

3.02

(1)In NSW, the ten most serious invasive garden plants available for sale are Banana passion fruit, Broom, Cat’s claw creeper, Glory lily, Holly leaved senecio, Hybrid mother of millions, Lippia, Madiera vine, Mother of millions, and Yerba de hicotea. For Queensland, the ten are Coreopsis, Glory lily, Guava, Japanese honeysuckle, Mickey Mouse plant, Murraya, Parrot’s feather, Pink periwinkle, Taro and Yellow allamanda. (2)others such as exotic Passiflora spp., Mimosa diplotricha, Momordica charantia and Allamanda cathartica exert at least intermittent competition and can form dense mats to adversely affect the growth of a range of native species (3)Habitat. Amongst medium trees (Eucalyptus miniata woodland over weeds); in loam; occupying creeklines; growing in disturbed natural vegetation (on roadsides). (4)It invades well-drained soils on the fringes of rainforests, and paperbark swamps.

(1)Groves, R.H., Boden, R. & Lonsdale, W.M. 2005. Jumping the Garden Fence: Invasive Garden Plants in Australia and their environmental and agricultural impacts. CSIRO report prepared for WWF-Australia. WWF-Australia, Sydney. (2)Werren, G. 2001. ENVIRONMENTAL WEEDS OF THE WET TROPICS BIOREGION: RISK ASSESSMENT & PRIORITY RANKING. Report prepared for the Wet Tropics Management Authority, Cairns. (3)http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/15107 [09 Jan 2008] (4)Ward, D., S. Goosem and G. Werren. 2001. Weed Po cket Guide Agricultural and Environmental Weeds. Far North Queensland. Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Queensland Government.

3.03

Unknown.

3.04

Not enough evidence for environmental weed. (1)Humphries and Stanton (1992) listed A. cathartica as a weed of roadsides in the `wet tropics' region of north Queensland, but did not consider the plant to be a high priority environmental weed.

(1)Csurhes, S. and R. Edwards. 1998. Potential Environmental Weeds in Australia. Candidate Species For Preventative Control.Environment Australia, Canberra.

3.05

Other species listed as weeds, but no evidence of impacts. (1)Allamanda,blanchetti,,,,N,,,,Australian Naturalised and/or Noxious Taxa

(1)http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/global/australia/aca.html [09 Jan 2008]

4.01

Spiny fruit, but no documented evidence of problems associated with fruit. (1)Stems grayish, cylindrical, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4; blades 8-13 × 1.5-3.5 cm, oblong, elliptical or oblanceolate, coriaceous, the apex acuminate, the base acute, the margins undulate and revolute; upper surface glabrous, dark green, shiny, with a prominent midvein; lower surface yellowish green, with the midvein thickened, prominent, and puberulous; petioles 5-10 mm long; stipules transformed into 4 small intrapetiolar glands. (2)Spines present; associated with fruits.

(1)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 51: 1-483. (2)http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/15107 [09 Jan 2008]

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

(1)Deer resistant

(1)http://www.npsot.org/plant_lists/deer_resistant.html [09 Jan 2008]

4.05

(1)Abstract: Due to inquiries about the toxicity of ornamental plants to farm data available in the literature on this subject, feeding experiments were performed in cattle with the following plants: Allamanda cathartica, Nerium oleander and Thevetia peruviana of the Apocinaceae family...The only plants which caused lethal poisoning were Allamanda cathartica, Nerium oleander, Thevetia peruviana and Rhododendron indicum. (2)Cases of intoxication of pets were investigated by personal visits to residences, including homes, yards, apartments and common garden areas, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 1998 to 2002 to determine the presence of poisonous plants. The plant species most commonly observed in cases of intoxication of pets (i.e. companion animals) were: Dieffenbachia picta [D. maculata], Sansevieria trifasciata, Allamanda cathartica, A. blanchettii, Euphorbia milii, E. pulcherrima, Lantana camara, Philodendron bipinnatifidum and Brugmansia suaveolens. This information will be useful to educate the public about the potential dangers of some common household plants to companion animals

(1)Tokarnia, C. H.; Armien, Anibal Guillemo; Peixoto, Paul Vargas; Barbosa, Jose Diomedes; Brito, Marilene De Farias; Dobereiner, Jurgen. 1996. Experiments on the toxicity of some ornamental plants in cattle. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 16 (1) : 5-20. (2)Sena Filho, J. G.; Pontual, K. A. Q.; Ferreira, C. P.; Florencio, D. C.; Xavier, H. S. 2007. Ornamental plants in Southern Brazil with toxic potential for companion animals. Pp. 55-57 in Panter, K. E.; Wierenga, T. L.; Pfister, J. A. (eds.). Poisonous plants: global research and solutions CABI, Wallingford.

4.06

Possibly may be host of CMV. (1)No pests or diseases are of major concern. Yellow Allamanda is only occasionally bothered by caterpillars or mites. (2)Cucumber mosaic virus infecting Allamanda In collaboration with scientists at the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan an isolate of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was identified in Allamanda cathartica showing severe mosaic, rugosity and leaf distortion symptoms. The virus measured approximately 28 nm and induces symptoms similar to those incited by CMV on indicator plants. The virus reacted with CMV subgroup I-specific MAbs in both ELISA and immunoblots. With primers specific to the 3'half of RNA3, a 1,115 bp DNA fragment was obtained by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from total RNA extracted from diseased allamanda or inoculated Nicotiana benthamiana. Sequence analysis indicates that the coat protein ORF shares 91.8 to 98.9% identities with those of CMV in subgroup I and II. Results of MspI-digested restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of the RT-PCR fragment and nucleotide sequence analysis indicate that the CMV isolate from allamanda belongs to subgroup IB. This research in this accomplishment contributes to ARS National Program 303, Components I and IV, and ARS Strategic Plan Performance Measure 3.2.5. (3)ORNAMENTALS, FLOWERING PLANTS: Allamanda cathartica `Chocolate Cherry' (allamanda) -- Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), sweetpotato whitefly: All stages heavily infested 100% of 200 plants in a nursery at Pembroke Park, Broward County (24 February 94, R. Carpenter and K. Vanyo). (4)CMV is known to naturally infect other ornamental shrubs, including some belonging to the Apocynaceae family: golden trumpet (Allamanda cathartica L.) and oleander (Nerium oleander L.) on both of which it causes pronounced symptoms of mottle and yellow areas or rings on the leaves (Bellardi and Bertaccini, 1993; Bellardi et al., 1996). (5)Pests, Diseases and Damaging Agents Pests: None of major concern except for nematodes. Purple Allamanda is only occasionally bothered by scale and mites. Diseases: Anthracnose, leaf spots, mosaic virus, root rots. Chlorosis and collar rot fungus.

(1)Gilman, E.F. 1999. Allamanda cathartica. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Fact Sheet FPS-29. http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/ALLCATA.PDF [09 Jan 2008] (2)http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=406812&showpars=true&fy=2006 [10 Jan 2008] (3)http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/94-1&2all.htm [10 Jan 2008] (4)SALVATORE DAVINO, MARIA GRAZIA BELLARDI, MASSIMO DI BELLA, MARIO DAVINO and ASSUNTA BERTACCINI. 2005. Characterization of a Cucumber mosaic virus isolate infecting Mandevilla sanderi (Hemsl.) Woodson. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 44, 220–225. (5)Horticopia Professional Version 4.1.

4.07

(1)Because of its rapid growth, pruning is often necessary, which can expose gardeners to the toxic sap that causes dermatitis symptoms of rash, blisters, and itch. Although incidence is much less common, plant parts are also toxic if ingested. All parts contain the toxic iridoid lactone, allamandin (2)Toxicity: All parts of the plant are reported poisonous. The milky sap can cause dermatitis on susceptible people. The plant’s sap cause mild and occasional reactions such as oral irritation and slight nausea from prolonged sucking of cut stems, rash from wiping the sap on sensitive skin. The plant has been given a bad reputation because of the drastic consequences of ingesting a quantity of the sap as a purgative.

(1)Francis, J.K. 2002. Allamanda cathartica L. http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Allamanda%20cathartica.pdf [09 Jan 2008] (2)Apollo, M., S. K. Dash and S. Padhy. 2006. Eco-Consciousness for Poisonous and Injurious Plants Among Urban Dwellers of Bhubaneswar, Orissa. J. Hum. Ecol., 19(4): 239-248

4.08

No evidence of fire hazards, and growth form and habitat does not increase risk of fire.

4.09

(1)The plants do not tolerate shade, nor do they tolerate salty or alkaline soils; they are highly sensitive to frost.

(1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamanda [09 Jan 2008]

4.10

(1)Allamanda grows best in well drained, moist, sandy soils rich in organic matter (Barcellos 2002). It does not tolerate salty soils, highly alkaline conditions, (2)Soil pH requirements: 5.1 to 5.5 (strongly acidic) 5.6 to 6.0 (acidic)

(1)Francis, J.K. 2002. Allamanda cathartica L. http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Allamanda%20cathartica.pdf [09 Jan 2008] (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1708/ [09 Jan 2008]

4.11

(1)Shrub or woody vine, clambering or sometimes twining, much branched

(1)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 51: 1-483.

4.12

No evidence that forms thickets. (1)Shrub or woody vine, clambering or sometimes twining, much branched

(1)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 51: 1-483.

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Apocynaceae

5.03

Apocynaceae

5.04

(1)Shrub or woody vine, clambering or sometimes twining, much branched

(1)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 51: 1-483.

6.01

Unknown.

6.02

(1)seeds numerous, oval, compressed, 1.2-1.5 cm long, with a discolorous, wing-like margin. (2)The cultivar 'Hendersonii' "rarely produces fruit and seed in Hawai'i (rarely, but still does)

(1)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 51: 1-483. (2)Staples, G.W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.03

Unknown.

6.04

Unknown, but probably self-compatible as are other members of genus. (1)Abstract: Observations on the floral biology of Allamanda schottii Pohl showed that this species may be autogamous or allogamous. This contradicts the hypotheses of authors who have claimed that this species of Apocynaceae is only autogamous or only allogamous. The most frequent visitors to the flowers are butterflies, bees and wasps, but fertilizations is carried out by butterflies of the genus Phoebis.

(1) Sakane, M. 1990. OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THE FLORAL BIOLOGY OF ALLAMANDA-SCHOTTII POHL. Hoehnea 17 (2) : 27-32.

6.05

(1)T. spinipes may be the main pollinator of O. americanum because it was the only species collected on flowers of this plant. This bee can also be considered as a main pollinator of Allamanda (57.4%), D. wallichii (51.85%) and M. indica (48.39%), corresponding to about 50% of all floral visitors to each family (Table 1). A. mellifera was collected on the flowers of all plants except O. americanum.

(1) de Toledo, Vagner de Alencar Arnaut; de Toledo Fritzen, Adriano Ernesto; Neves, Carolina Antunes; Ruvolo-Takasusuki, Maria Claudia Colla; Sofia, Silvia Helena; Terada, Yoko. 2003. Plants and pollinating bees in Maringa, State of Parana, Brazil. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 46 (4) : 705-710.

6.06

(1)Because capsules and seed are rarely produced by cultivated varieties, naturalization is usually by vegetative means. (2)In Puerto Rico, the species has been planted widely, persists tenaciously, and spreads by layering as the vines extend.

(1)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 51: 1-483. (2)Francis, J.K. 2002. Allamanda cathartica L. http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Allamanda%20cathartica.pdf [09 Jan 2008]

6.07

Unknown, but probably more than one year as this is a woody perennial.

7.01

No mechanisms that would make the seeds likely to be dispersed unintentionally.

7.02

(1)is widely cultivated for its large yellow flowers and is one of the most popular and attractive ornamental shrubs.

(1)Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

7.03

Not grown with produce, and most cultivars rarely produce seed

7.04

(1)The fruits are prickly capsules, splitting to release winged seeds. (2)Prickly seed pods follow the flowers with winged seeds that fly about when the pod dries and breaks open.

(1)http://www.tropilab.com/allamanda.html [09 Jan 2008] (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/A/alla_cat.cfm [09 Jan 2008]

7.05

(1)The fruits are prickly capsules, splitting to release winged seeds. (2)Prickly seed pods follow the flowers with winged seeds that fly about when the pod dries and breaks open.

(1)http://www.tropilab.com/allamanda.html [09 Jan 2008] (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/A/alla_cat.cfm [09 Jan 2008]

7.06

(1)Fruit. Dehiscent or schizocarpic, a follicle or of mericarps, non-fleshy, 50–70 mm long (prickly with long soft spines), 40–65 mm wide.

(1)http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/15107 [09 Jan 2008]

7.07

No means of external attachment

7.08

Fruit unlikely to be consumed by animals.(1)Fruit. Dehiscent or schizocarpic, a follicle or of mericarps, non-fleshy, 50–70 mm long (prickly with long soft spines), 40–65 mm wide.

(1)http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/15107 [09 Jan 2008]

8.01

Unknown

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Not enough information. (1)A. cathartica can be difficult to control using foliar applied herbicides because of its scrambling habit.

(1)Csurhes, S. and R. Edwards. 1998. Potential Environmental Weeds in Australia. Candidate Species For Preventative Control.Environment Australia, Canberra.

8.04

(1)As a controlling measure, cutting is ineffecive with Allamanda and will lead to vigorous coppicing. (2)tolerates heavy pruning

(1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamanda [09 Jan 2008] (2)Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

8.05

Unknown