Allamanda blanchetii A. DC. Family - Apocynaceae . Common Names(s) - purple allamanda. Synonym(s) - Allamanda violacea.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

6

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Brazil - Bahia, Ceara

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?406734 [Accessed 2009 Feb 12].

2.02

(1) Native to Brazil - Bahia, Ceara

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?406734 [Accessed 2009 Feb 12].

2.03

(1) USDA hardiness zones 10b-12. (2) USDA hardiness zones 9a-11.

(1) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Apocynaceae/Allamanda_blanchetii.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 13]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55059/

2.04

(1) Native to Brazil - Bahia, Ceara

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?406734 [Accessed 2009 Feb 12].

2.05

(1) A. blanchetii has been introduced to El Salvador. (2) A. blanchetii has been introduced to other tropical areas (including Africa) and is occasionally cultivated in Hawaii.

(1) Morales, J. F. (2006). ESTUDIOS EN LAS APOCYNACEAE NEOTROPICALES XXVIII: LA FAMILIA APOCYNACEAE (APOCYNOIDEAE, RAUVOLFIOIDEAE) DE EL SALVADOR, CENTROAMÉRICA. (Spanish). Studies on neotropical Apocynaceae XXVIII: the family Apocynaceae (Rauvolfioideae, Apocynoideae) from El Salvador, Central America. (English), Instituto de Botanica Darwinion. 44: 453-489. (2) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

3.01

(1) A. blanchetii is considered invasive in Anguilla. (2) Naturalized in Australia.

(1) http://www.gov.ai/documents/Anguilla%20Invasive%20Species%20Strategy%202008%20(2).pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb. 13]. (2) http://www.weedscrc.org.au/documents/intro_flora_australia.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb. 13].

3.02

Unknown [see unsubtantiated reference 1 in question 3.01}

3.03

No evidence

3.04

Unknown [see unsubtantiated reference 1 in question 3.01}

3.05

(1) Allamanda cathartica is considered a weed, sleeper weed, naturalised, environmental weed, cultivation escape in Australia.

(1) http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=E57 [Accessed 2009 Feb. 13].

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, or burrs.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/pp_home.cgi [Accessed 2009 Feb. 13].

4.04

(1) Deer resistant.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55059/ [Accessed 2009 Feb. 13].

4.05

(1) Residential survey in Rio Grande do sul, Brazil from 1998-2002 identified A. blanchetii as a toxic plant for companion animals.

(1) http://web.ebscohost.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/ehost/detail?vid=4&hid=8&sid=1d647e60-0b9d-4d73-a91c-7f185e2ea3c3%40sessionmgr7&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=lah&AN=20073185431[Accessed 2009 Feb. 12].

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1) The latex of A. blanchetii is used as a laxative, emetic, and cathartic in Brazil. (2) It is used as laxative, emetic, cathartic and vermifuge. One teaspoon of the latex in a cup of water. It is drunk after meals. It is referred to be poisonous also. (3) All parts of the plant are toxic, and the milky sap can irritate the skin.

(1) Agra, M. F., G. S. Baracho, et al. (2007). "Medicinal and poisonous diversity of the flora of "Cariri Paraibano", Brazil." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111(2): 383-395. (2 de Fátima Agra, M., K. Silva, et al. (2008). "Survey of medicinal plants used in the region Northeast of Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy 18(3): 472-508. (3) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Apocynaceae/Allamanda_blanchetii.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 13].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Full sun.

(1) Haynes, J., J. McLaughlin, et al. "Low-Maintenance Landscape Plants for South Florida."

4.10

(1) Soil pH requirements: 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic), 6.6-7.5 (neutral), 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline).

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55059/ [Accessed 2009 Feb. 13]. (2) http://www.google.com/books?id=IXtGAGK2LG0C&dq=tropical+ornamentals&printsec=frontcover&source=bn#PPA42,M1 [Accessed 2009 Feb. 13].

4.11

(1) Shrub or scrambler.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1) Shrub or scrambler.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.02

(1) Apocynaceae

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.03

(1) Not nitrogen fixing.

(1) http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Nitrogen-fixation [Accessed 2009 Feb. 13].

5.04

(1) Vining shrub.

(1) Haynes, J., J. McLaughlin, et al. "Low-Maintenance Landscape Plants for South Florida."

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1) Can propagate from seed.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55059/ [Accessed 2009 Feb. 13].

6.03

"For years people have tried to hybridise allamandas but this has proved near impossible."

http://www.stgmagazine.com.au/issue_5_preview/iss5_supp1.htm

6.04

(1) self-incompatible. (2) Self-sterile.

(1) Fryxell, P. A. (1957). "Mode of Reproduction of Higher Plants." Botanical Review 23(3): 135-233.

6.05

(1) Apis mellifera and Xylocopa frontalis pollinated A. blanchetii in a floristic and phenological study or ornamental, arboreal and shrubby species on the campus of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo.

(1) AGOSTINI, K. and M. SAZIMA (2003). "ÁREAS BÁSICAS/BOTÂNICA." Bragantia 62(3): 335-343.

6.06

(1) Over time A. blanchetii begins to sucker profusely and can become a problem in the garden.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

6.07

Unknown, but probably more than 1 year as is a woody shrub.

7.01

(1) No mechanisms that would make the seeds likely to be dispersed unintentionally.

7.02

(1) Widely cultivated for its large purple to pink flowers.

(1) http://www.google.com/books?id=IXtGAGK2LG0C&dq=tropical+ornamentals&printsec=frontcover&source=bn#PPA42,M1 [Accessed 2009 Feb. 13].

7.03

Not grown with produce.

7.04

(1) Fruits are capsules, prickly. Seeds flat, circular narrowly winged around margin.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.05

Unknown

7.06

winged seeds with no bird rewards

http://www.flickr.com/photos/40999618@N05/3894505079

7.07

Unknown

7.08

not ingested

8.01

1)"I noticed there were spike covered large oval pods on two plants. I cut one off and left the other on the plant. The one left on the plant just "recently turned brown and popped open this week to expose about 14 seeds." 2)cultivated forms rarely produce seeds [Rarely produces fruit outside native range and only ~14 seeds per capsule]

1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55059/ 2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamanda

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Don't know