Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 8
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Acacia mangium (brown salwood, Mangium, Mangium wattle, mange, forest mangrove ) | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01) | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | ||
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | ||
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | n | 0 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | y | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | y | 2 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 2 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 2 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | y | 1 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | y | 1 |
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | n | |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | ||
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | n | 0 |
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | n | 0 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y | 1 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | y | 1 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | y | 1 |
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | n | -1 |
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | n | -1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 1 | 1 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | n | -1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | n | -1 |
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | y | 1 |
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | n | -1 |
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | n | -1 |
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | n | -1 |
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | y | 1 |
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | y | -1 |
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | y | 1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | 8 |
Supporting data:
| Notes | Reference | |
| 1.01 | No evidence | |
| 1.02 | ||
| 1.03 | ||
| 2.01 | (1)"In Australia, A. mangium species is found only in northern Queensland where it has a very limited distribution in two regions; from Jardine River (11º20'S) to Claudie River (12º44'S) and from Ayton (15º54'S) to south of Ingham (18º30'S). Most occurrences are in the coastal, tropical lowlands with an altitudinal range mainly from near sea level to 300m with small occurrences up to 800m. It extends through the Western Province of Papua New Guinea into the Indonesian provinces of Irian Jaya (Merauke District and Vogelkop Peninsula) and Maluku (Sula, Ceram and the Aru Islands)." (2)Acacia mangium is a vigorous species which occurs natually in the humid tropical lowlands of northeastern Australia, Papua New Guinea and eastern Indonesia.' | (1)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)Liang, S. B. 1987. Research on Acacia mangium in Sabah: A Review. In Australian Acacias in developing countries, Ed J. Turnbull. ACIAR proceedings # 16.Pgs 157- 159 |
| 2.02 | "Location of Introductions - Large-scale plantations have already been established in Indonesia and Malaysia for the production of paper pulp. Commercial planting of A. mangium in other Asian countries such as China, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam is increasing (Awang and Taylor, 1993). The species also has potential in parts of Africa and Central and South America." | Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 2.03 | "Altitude range: 0 - 800 m. Latitude between 1oS and 18oS. | |
| 2.04 | (1)"In Australia, A. mangium species is found only in northern Queensland where it has a very limited distribution in two regions; from Jardine River (11º20'S) to Claudie River (12º44'S) and from Ayton (15º54'S) to south of Ingham (18º30'S). Most occurrences are in the coastal, tropical lowlands with an altitudinal range mainly from near sea level to 300m with small occurrences up to 800m. It extends through the Western Province of Papua New Guinea into the Indonesian provinces of Irian Jaya (Merauke District and Vogelkop Peninsula) and Maluku (Sula, Ceram and the Aru Islands)." (2)Acacia mangium is a vigorous species which occurs natually in the humid tropical lowlands of northeastern Australia, Papua New Guinea and eastern Indonesia.' | (1)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)Liang, S. B. 1987. Research on Acacia mangium in Sabah: A Review. In Australian Acacias in developing countries, Ed J. Turnbull. ACIAR proceedings # 16.Pgs 157- 159 |
| 2.05 | "Location of Introductions - Large-scale plantations have already been established in Indonesia and Malaysia for the production of paper pulp. Commercial planting of A. mangium in other Asian countries such as China, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam is increasing (Awang and Taylor, 1993). The species also has potential in parts of Africa and Central and South America." | Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 3.01 | (1)"A small amount of planting on Saipan. One isolated individual naturalized seedling was noted on disturbed soil. On Pohnpei, a patch of naturalized seedlings without a local seed source was noted. Should be monitored for naturalization and spread. Spreading from an old species trial on Yap. Reported as invasive in Sabah and Africa. Reported to be invasive on Melville Island, Australia." (2)"The species has been plantedthroughout the humid tropics (Centro Agronómico Tropicalde Investigación y Enseñanza 1992, Szott 1995, Turnbull1986). It has naturalized in Puerto Rico (Francis and Liogier1991), Brazil, and many other areas." |
(1)http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/acacia_mangium.htm
(2)http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ: www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22 +naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 |
| 3.02 | "There has been some concern about the weedy nature of Acacia mangium and its potential to become an invasive species. Its ability to rapidly colonize roadsides, abandoned, degraded or open areas and marginal lands is well known, and like its close relative Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium is now a common feature of the landscape in Malaysia and many other Southeast Asian countries. As a result, some sources have described A. mangium as an alien weed and invasive species, believing that it will diminish the rejuvenation potential of the original biota and invade highland secondary forests and rain forests (Certified Source Timber Programme, 2004). However, to date there are no data to support these predictions. ... Furthermore, A. mangium plantations have been located in natural forests in Malaysia, yet there have been no incidences where the species has been found to invade undisturbed sites." | http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5507e/y5507e10.htm |
| 3.03 | No evidence | |
| 3.04 | "There has been some concern about the weedy nature of Acacia mangium and its potential to become an invasive species. Its ability to rapidly colonize roadsides, abandoned, degraded or open areas and marginal lands is well known, and like its close relative Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium is now a common feature of the landscape in Malaysia and many other Southeast Asian countries. As a result, some sources have described A. mangium as an alien weed and invasive species, believing that it will diminish the rejuvenation potential of the original biota and invade highland secondary forests and rain forests (Certified Source Timber Programme, 2004). However, to date there are no data to support these predictions. ... Furthermore, A. mangium plantations have been located in natural forests in Malaysia, yet there have been no incidences where the species has been found to invade undisturbed sites." | http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5507e/y5507e10.htm |
| 3.05 | Acacia rigidula, Acacia tortuosaand Acacia farnesiana are listed under weeds of pastures and rangeland. Tricopyr is the suggested herbicide for their control. | Weed Control Manual 2000. Meister Publishing Co., Salem, MA. |
| 4.01 | No evidence of such structures. | Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 4.02 | "Abstract: Acacia mangium is one of the species developed in timber estate; However, it might interact with other species. Like eucalyptus, A. mangium is suspected to excrete substances harmful to other vegetations, if planted in the same area. This is called allelopathy. The soil media of four age levels of A. mangium stand, i.e.: 6 years, 4 years, 2 years and 0 years as control were used as treatment of the growth of Shorea leprosula and S. stenoptera seedlings. The experiment result showed that A. mangium was allelopathic against shorea seedlings, especially regarding to height growth. There was a tendency that the older the A. mangium stands were, the less the height growth of shorea seedlings were. The relation between the age of A. mangium stand (X in year) and the height growth of shorea seedling (Y in cm) can be illustrated as follows: Y = 49,954 - 1,602X (for Shorea leprosula), Y = 39,848 - 2,813X (for Shorea stenoptera)." | ANWAR C THE GROWTH OF SHOREA SEEDLINGS ON SOIL MEDIA OF SEVERAL AGE LEVELS OF ACACIA-MANGIUM STANDS Buletin Penelitian Hutan (544) : 9-16 1992 |
| 4.03 | No evidence | |
| 4.04 |
(1)"There appear to be no reports of the nutritive value for livestock of
the foliage, other than observations that its palatability is low … The
experimental findings support the hypotheses that the rumen degradability of
leaves of Acacia mangium is low and that this can be improved markedly by
chemical pre-treatment, especially Ca(OH)2 and acetic acid (the main product
of the fermentation of molasses). It is tempting to conclude that the reduced degradability in the lowermost leaves of the Acacia mangium tree reflected increased concentrations of secondary plant compounds as a biological defense mechanism against animal or human predators." (2) 'The leaves can serve as forage for livestock.' |
(1)http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrd4/2/viet1.htm (2)Turnbull, J. W. 1986. Multipurpose Australian trees and shrubs. Australian center for International Agricultural Research. Canberra. |
| 4.05 | No evidence | |
| 4.06 |
"Several fungi and insect pests are listed to be associated with Acacia
mangium:
Atelocauda digitata fungus phyllode rust Ceratocystis fimbriata (Ceratocystis blight) fungus Corticium salmonicolor (damping off) fungus pink disease Ganoderma fungus causes root rot Ganoderma lucidum (basal stem rot: Hevea spp.) fungus Phellinus fungus causes root rot in young stands Agrilus fisheri insect new pest of A. mangium in the Philippines Campoletis insect damage to wood recorded in Sabah Coptotermes (termites) insect damage to wood in Sabah Coptotermes curvignathus (rubber termite) insect damage to roots Eurema hecabe (common grass yellow) insect Helopeltis (tea mosquito bugs) insect sap-sucker which has recently been reported to attack young trees in the Philippines Hypomeces squamosus (green weevil) insect Leucopholis irrorata (toy beetle) insect Pteroma plagiophleps insect Sinoxylon insect girdling of shoots and stems Sinoxylon anale (false powder-post beetle) insect Spodoptera litura (taro caterpillar) insect Sternocera aequisignata insect damage to roots Valanga nigricornis (valanga grasshopper) insect Xyleborus insect observed on logs in a plantation, Surigao del Sur, Philippines. Xyleborus perforans (island pinhole borer) insect observed on logs in a plantation, Surigao del Sur, Philippines Xyleborus volvulus insect Xylosandrus compactus (shot-hole borer) insect Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Asian ambrosia beetle) insect also known as Xyleborus semiopacus. Observed on logs in a plantation, Surigao del Sur, Philippines Xystrocera insect damage to wood in Sabah Zeuzera coffeae (coffee carpenter) insect a stem borer [No evidence that the above are econimic pests] |
Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 4.07 | "Dust from pods pounded during seed extraction causes a respiratory reaction in some people. No hint of pollen allergies has been reported (NAS, 1983d). " [No evidence of any clinical cases]. | http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Acacia_mangium.html#Uses |
| 4.08 | (1)"The specie is not fire resistant but by shading out the ground vegetation it reduces the danger of fire and its own litter will not readily ignite.' " (2)"A. mangium grows on the margins of closed forest (rain forest), in open forest and woodland, especially where there is disturbance by fire…. It is killed by fire only if the stem diameter is less than about 10 cm. " | (1)Udarbe, M. P. & A. J. Hepburn. Development of Acacia mangium as a Plantation species in Sabah. In Australian Acacias in developing countries, Ed J. Turnbull. ACIAR proceedings # 16.Pgs 157- 159 (2)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 4.09 | "It is intolerant of shade." | Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 4.1 | (1)"A. mangium is found mainly on well-drained, strongly acid soils with a shallow clay loam overlying a heavy clay, and sometimes on imperfectly drained soils subject to brief flooding in the wet season and rapid drying out in the dry season. … Soil types: acid soils; granite soils; ferralsols; luvisols; red soils; alluvial soils; tropical soils." (2)pH of 4.2–7.5 (3)"The species grows in a wide variety ofsoil types. These soils are acid with medium-to-low fertilityand can be poorly drained. Soils with high pH are not tolerat-ed (Turnbull 1986)." |
(1)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International,
Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Acacia_mangium.html#Uses
(3)http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22 +naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 |
| 4.11 | Not a climber. |
(1)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International,
Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Acacia_mangium.html#Uses
(3)http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ: www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22 +naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 |
| 4.12 | No evidence | |
| 5.01 | "A. mangium is a large tree, to 30 m tall, with a straight bole, which may be over half the total tree height. " | Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 5.02 | ||
| 5.03 | "Ability to fix nitrogen." | Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 5.04 | ||
| 6.01 | "Flowering phenology differs throughout its natural and planted range. In its natural habitat, flowers are present during February to May in Australia and the seed matures in October-December (Sedgley et al., 1992). … Mature fruits occur 3-4 months after flowering." | Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 6.02 | "Germination is rapid after suitable treatment and typically exceeds 75%." | Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 6.03 | "Acacia mangium is known to form natural hybrids with A. aulacocarpa, A. auriculiformis and A. polystachya. The hybrids with A. auriculiformis are intermediate between the two parents in morphology and wood properties. They inherit the better stem straightness of A. mangium and the self-pruning ability and better stem roundness of A. auriculiformis (Turnbull and Awang, 1997). Their growth is sometimes more vigorous and resistance to heart rot is better. There is much interest in the domestication of this hybrid because of this combination of commercially desirable characteristics. Aspects of seed production and vegetative propagation of the hybrids are covered in papers in Carron and Aken (1992)." | Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 6.04 | The flowers of A. mangium are either hermaphroditic or staminate. 'With such … both A. mangium and … are classified as andromonoecious'. - that is a spatial separation of sex organs as an outbreeding device. But the overall occurrence of staminate flowers | Ibrahim, Z. & K. Awang. 1991.Comparison of floral morphology, flower production and pollen yield of Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis. In ACIAR proceedings no 35. Pgs 26 - 29. |
| 6.05 | A range of insects in the Hymenoptera: Apidae are known to visit and pollinate Acacia mangium. | Sledgley, M., C.v. Khen, R. M. Smith and J. Harbard. 1991.Insect visitors to flowering branches of Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis. In Breeding technologies of tropical acacias. ACIAR proceeding no 37. Pgs 51-56 |
| 6.06 | No evidence of spread by vegetative means. | |
| 6.07 | " At 20 N latitude with a mean annual temperature of 22 C, A. mangium starts flowering in 3-4 years. In Wanning, at latitude 18 40 N with a mean temperature of 24 C, A. mangium flowers only 20 months after being established. In Nanning ... fruiting is about 9 months. It is obvious that lower the latitude the earlier the flowering and fruiting." | Zhigang, P. & Y. Minquan. 1987. Australian Acacias in The People's Republic of China. In Australian Acacias in developing countries, Ed J. Turnbull. ACIAR proceedings # 16. Pgs 136 - 138 |
| 7.01 | Probably not - no evidence of species being planted in heavilty trafficked areas. | |
| 7.02 |
"With its dense evergreen foliage, A. mangium makes a useful shade,
screening, and soil-cover crop. It has been used experimentally as shade for cocoa in Sabah. Leaves (phyllodes) are very good for soil mulching. On a very poor sandy soil in Congo, A. mangium litter accounted for 50% of stand annual litter production, and nutrient cycling was much higher in the acacia than in an Eucalyptus stand on the same site (Bernhard-Reversat et al., 1993). Its nitrogen fixing ability is utilized for the amelioration of degraded soils (Fisher, 1995) and in alley cropping systems (Sanginga et al., 1995; Zakra et al., 1996). A. mangium has been planted in mixture with other tree species which do not fix nitrogen to maintain or improve soil fertility." |
Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 7.03 | Probably not - seeds relatively large and no evidence of the species being planted in or around seed crop fields. | xxxx |
| 7.04 | No - either dispersed by birds or gravity. |
http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3">
http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ: http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3"> www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22 http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3"> +naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 |
| 7.05 | No - either dispersed by birds or gravity. |
http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3">
http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ: http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3"> www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22 http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3"> +naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 |
| 7.06 | " The darkbrown, crinkled, and coiled ripe pods partially open, and thesmall (2.5 by 4 mm), black seeds hang by orange, fleshy funicles.The seeds are dispersed when small birds consume the oilyfunicle or they eventually fall to the ground under the mothertrees." |
http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3">
http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ: http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3"> www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22 http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3"> +naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 |
| 7.07 | Probablly not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment. |
http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3">
http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22 http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3"> +naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 |
| 7.08 | No - either dispersed by birds or gravity. |
http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3">
http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22 http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3"> +naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 |
| 8.01 | Probabaly not - seeds relatively large -" The darkbrown, crinkled, and coiled ripe pods partially open, and thesmall (2.5 by 4 mm), black seeds hang by orange, fleshy funicles.The seeds are dispersed when small birds consume the oilyfunicle or they eventually fall to the ground under the mothertrees." |
http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3">
http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ: http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3"> www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22 http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3"> +naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 |
| 8.02 | (1)"The seed has a very hard seed coat when fully ripened and retains viability well in storage. Seed of good initial physiological quality should give adequate germination rate after several years of storage in airtight containers in a dark, cool room. " (2)"but seed stored at ambient temperatureswill retain its viability for up to 2 years ... " [Probably yes - a legume tree] | (1)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22+naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 |
| 8.03 | "Chemical control: Triclopyr herbicide mixed with an oil." | http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/acacia_mangium.htm |
| 8.04 | (1)"A. mangium grows on the margins of closed forest (rain forest), in open forest and woodland, especially where there is disturbance by fire…. It is killed by fire only if the stem diameter is less than about 10 cm. " (2)"Trees coppice readily and flower and fruit profusely and "continuously" . | (1)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Acacia_mangium.html#Uses |
| 8.05 | Don’t know |
Need more info? Have questions? Comments? Information to contribute? Contact PIER!
[ Return to PIER homepage ] [Risk assessment page]
This page created 26 December 2006