Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv., Bignoniaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 14 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Carolinian: apär

English: African tulip tree, fireball, flame of the forest, fountain tree

Fijian: taga mimi

French: baton du sorcier, pissat de singe, pisse l'eau, pisse-pisse, tulipier du Gabon

Maori (Cook Islands): kō‘ī‘ī, mata kō‘ī‘ī, mimi, pātītī vai, patiti vai, pititi vai

Palauan: orsachel kui

Pohnpeian: dulip en Aprika, tuhke dulip

Samoan: fa‘apasī, tulipe

Spanish: tulipán Africano

Tongan: tiulipe

Tongarevan (spoken): tiale akapisipisi

Tongarevan (written): tiare akapisipisi

Yapese: ramingobchey

Habit:  tree

Description:  "Large tree with a stout, tapering often somewhat buttressed trunk, branches thickish, marked with small white lenticels, subglabrous to thinly puberulent; leaves usually opposite (rarely 3 at a node), very widely diverging, up to 50 cm long, (7-) 11-15 (-17) leaflets broadly elliptic or ovate, entire, to 15 x 7.5 cm, with 7-8 principal veins on each side, puberulent and prominent beneath, apex very slightly acuminate, base somewhat asymmetrically obtuse, lower leaflets tending to be reflexed, petiolule short, 2-3 mm, rachis nearly straight, brownish-puberulent, petiole up to 6 cm long, thickened at base; raceme 8-10 cm long on a peduncle of about the same length, with a pair of reduced leaves about halfway up, rachis and pedicels thick, brownish puberulent, bracts subtending pedicels lanceolate, curved, about 1 cm long, caducous, pair of bractlets near summit of pedicel similar, opposite; calyx strongly curved upward, asymmetric, about 5 cm long, tapering, somewhat ribbed, splitting at anthesis to within a few mm of base along dorsal curve, apex horn-like, blunt, exterior brownish sericeous puberulent; corolla bright vermilion or scarlet, 10-12 cm long, mouth of limb about 7 cm across, lobes about 3 cm long, obtuse, margins strongly crispate, orange-yellow; filaments about 5 cm long, dull orange anthers arcuate, linear, very dark brown, 15 mm long; style yellow, 8 cm long, stigma reddish; capsule lanceolate, slightly compressed, 17-25 x 3.5-7 cm" (Fosberg et al., 1993; p. 11).

"A tree of 7-25 m height with a pale grey bark and opposite leaves. These are up to 50 cm long, pinnately compound with 3-19 elliptic leaflets of 7-13 cm length and 4-7 cm width. There are pseudostipules of c. 3 cm length at the leaf bses. Flowers are borne in terminal racemes, are orange red, cup-shaped, 8-10 cm long and 4.5-5 cm diameter, containing winged seeds." (Invasive Plants of the World (Weber, 2003), p. 418)

Habitat/ecology:  "A tree that spreads rapidly in mesic to wet areas and forms dense thickets. Native plants are eliminated by the shading effect of the large leaves, resulting in reduced species richness under the canopies of this tree. Little is known on the ecology of this species." (Invasive Plants of the World (Weber, 2003), p. 418)

Favors moist and wet areas from sea level to 1,000 m in Hawai‘i (C. W. Smith, 1985; p. 203), to 1200 m in French Polynesia. Moist uplands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 89). "Highly invasive in Tahiti up to 1300 m in cloud forests" (Jean-Yves Meyer, pers. com.).

Propagation:  Wind-dispersed seeds. Also propagates from root suckers and cuttings.

"The African tulip tree didn't produce fruits (and their wind-dispersed seeds) in La Réunion for a long time...before the endemic Zosterops started to visit and pollinate the flowers a few years ago. The African tulip tree is now starting to naturalize in La Réunion" (Jean-Yves Meyer, pers. com.).

Native range:  Pan-tropical cultivated tree, native to West Africa, its scarlet flower clusters very showy. Commonly planted throughout the Pacific, naturalized locally.

Impacts and invaded habitats:  Invaded habitats: "Forests and forest edges." (Invasive Plants of the World (Weber, 2003), p. 418)

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 6)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2000) (voucher ID: PTBG 43116) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Northern Mariana Islands	introduced	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 102) "Potential invader".
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 62)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manihiki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 9)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 81964) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 9)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 89)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 9)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 664386) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 665018) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 252)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 6)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 440883) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 440884) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 595784) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 613424) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 252)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90) "Potential invader"
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 102) Voucher cited: Glassman 2872 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 74) Vouchers cited: M.J. Balick 4178 (NY, PTBG), S.F. Glassman 2872 (BISH) Invasive
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 43543) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 133841) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 145) Vouchers cited: DA 12237, DA 16976
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 33662) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 33663) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 50) Voucher cited: H.M. Smith 22
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	University of California (2006) "Invasive species, not spreading particularly quickly, but of some concern".
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 22340) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 696734) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 22)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 50) Vouchers cited: BRY 24830, BRY 25461
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (year unknown)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 530) Voucher cited: Stone 4179 (GUAM) Sparingly naturalized.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 252)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 95)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1962) (voucher ID: BISH 133842) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1962) (voucher ID: BISH 133843) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 133845) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 440897) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 440898) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1970) (voucher ID: BISH 443835) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 388)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 388)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Oppenheimer, Hank (2007) (p. 21) Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H120642 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 388)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 388)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 388)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 31)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 31)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 602650) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 252)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 99) Not seen on this survey and may no longer be present.
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 105) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58682 (US), Thaman & Manner 123 (SUVA)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 438332) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 22) Vouchers cited: Baumann 16067, MacKee 20657, Latreille in MacKee 45385
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 449716) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 50) Voucher cited: CHR 168869
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 6)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 108) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9802 (BISH)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 12) Spreading by root suckers and possibly by seed.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 7, 86) Subject of an eradication program.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 9) Only this tree is known to be remaining in the country.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 252)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 7, 82) Subject of an eradication program.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	extirpated	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 9)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 438015) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1974) (voucher ID: BNM 10062) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata Beauv.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1967) (voucher ID: BNM 204) Taxon name on voucher: Spathodea campanulata Beauv.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 7, 82) Subject of an eradication program.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	extirpated	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 9)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	introduced cultivated	Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 508)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced cultivated	Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 447) Cultivated in Manila for ornamental purposes.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 6)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 8)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced cultivated	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 110)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 242) "Occasional in villages".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Sand Island	introduced cultivated	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-13) Voucher cited: Starr & Starr 080610-12
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 107)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Futuna Island	introduced invasive	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Futuna Island	introduced cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves/Jourdan, Hervé/Malau, Atoloto (2008) (p. 9)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (pp. 10, 31) Il est localement naturalisé mais présente une régénération importante en forêt secondaire, sur les bords de pistes et de route, en bordure de zone cultivée (tarodière, cultures dignames). Il semble être en phase d'expansion, ses graines ailées pouvant être disséminées par le vent sur de longues distances.
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves/Jourdan, Hervé/Malau, Atoloto (2008) (p. 9)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 107)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands	introduced invasive	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2013)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (pp. 196-197)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (pp. 196-197)
China China	Hong Kong	introduced cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 257)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Pallawatta, Nirmalie/Reaser, Jamie K./Gutierrez, Alixis T./eds. (2003) (p. 89)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 80) Naturalised

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (pp. 67, 128)
Comoros Comoro Islands	Anjouan (Nzwani) Island	introduced invasive	Vos, P. (2004) (p. 6)
Comoros Comoro Islands	Grande Comore (Njazidja) Island	introduced invasive	Vos, P. (2004) (p. 6)
Comoros Comoro Islands	Mohéli (Mwali) Island	introduced invasive	Vos, P. (2004) (p. 6)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Cultivé/naturalisé"
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2013) Naturalisée, potentiellement envahissant.
French Territory of Mayotte Mayotte Islands	Mayotte Island	introduced invasive	Vos, P. (2004) (p. 6)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Naturalized
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	Invasive Species Specialist Group (2017)

Comments:  A problem species in Hawai‘i, Fiji, French Polynesia and Samoa.

Very abundant on Aneityum, Vanuatu.

Present but not a large problem (at least yet) in most parts of Micronesia, although it is widespread in Pohnpei (Space & Falanruw, 1999). On Guam, numerous individuals scattered throughout the native forest on the northern part of the island were noted (Space & Falanruw, 1999). Subject of an eradication program in Palau (Space et al., 2003).

Trunks and limbs are weak and don't stand up to typhoons very well. Also has a bad habit of dropping large limbs when it becomes older.

Control:  Physical:  Hand pull or dig out seedlings and young plants.  "Difficult to control mechanically although small trees can be pulled or dug out"  (Englberger, 2009; p. 11).

Chemical:  Cut large plants and treat the stumps with herbicide.  "Trees sensitive to cut-surface applications of dicamba and glyphosate; saplings sensitive to basal bark applications of 2,4-D and triclopyr"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

"For large trees, cut notches (0.8-1 in. deep into the cambium) around the stem and spray undiluted herbicide (Roundup or Garlon 4) into the notches"  (Englberger, 2009; p. 11).

"Seedlings and saplings can be hand pulled or dug out. Larger trees are cut and the stumps treated with herbicide." (Invasive Plants of the World (Weber, 2003), p. 418)